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    98. 

  98.     <h1>HTTPS Server</h1>
    99. 

  99.     <p>前章ではHTTPSクライアントを使いました。今度は自分でHTTPSサーバーを立ててみましょう。3章の <code>httplib::Server</code> を <code>httplib::SSLServer</code> に置き換えるだけです。</p>
    100. 

  100. <p>ただし、TLSサーバーにはサーバー証明書と秘密鍵が必要です。まずはそこから準備しましょう。</p>
    101. 

  101. <h2>自己署名証明書の作成</h2>
    102. 

  102. <p>開発やテスト用なら、自己署名証明書（いわゆるオレオレ証明書）で十分です。OpenSSLのコマンドでサクッと作れます。</p>
    103. 

  103. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    104. 

  104. <span style="color:#6699cc;">openssl</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> req</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -x509 -noenc -keyout</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> key.pem</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -out</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> cert.pem</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -subj</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> /CN=localhost
    105. 

  105. </span></pre>
    106. 

  106. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    107. 

  107. <span style="color:#8fa1b3;">openssl</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> req</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -x509 -noenc -keyout</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> key.pem</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -out</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> cert.pem</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -subj</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> /CN=localhost
    108. 

  108. </span></pre>
    109. 

  109. </div>
    110. 

  110. <p>これで2つのファイルができます。</p>
    111. 

  111. <ul>
    112. 

  112. <li><strong><code>cert.pem</code></strong> — サーバー証明書</li>
    113. 

  113. <li><strong><code>key.pem</code></strong> — 秘密鍵</li>
    114. 

  114. </ul>
    115. 

  115. <h2>最小のHTTPSサーバー</h2>
    116. 

  116. <p>証明書ができたら、さっそくサーバーを書いてみましょう。</p>
    117. 

  117. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    118. 

  118. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    119. 

  119. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    120. 

  120. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    121. 

  121. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    122. 

  122. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    123. 

  123. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::SSLServer </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">svr</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">key.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    124. 

  124. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    125. 

  125. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, [](</span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">const auto </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&amp;, </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&amp;res) {
    126. 

  126. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        res.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">set_content</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">Hello, HTTPS!</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">text/plain</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    127. 

  127. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    });
    128. 

  128. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    129. 

  129. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">Listening on https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    130. 

  130. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">listen</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">0.0.0.0</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, </span><span style="color:#f99157;">8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">);
    131. 

  131. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    132. 

  132. </span></pre>
    133. 

  133. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    134. 

  134. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    135. 

  135. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    136. 

  136. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    137. 

  137. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    138. 

  138. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    139. 

  139. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::SSLServer </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">svr</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">key.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    140. 

  140. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    141. 

  141. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, [](</span><span style="color:#b48ead;">const auto </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&amp;, </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&amp;res) {
    142. 

  142. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        res.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">set_content</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">Hello, HTTPS!</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">text/plain</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    143. 

  143. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    });
    144. 

  144. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    145. 

  145. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">Listening on https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    146. 

  146. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">listen</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">0.0.0.0</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, </span><span style="color:#d08770;">8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">);
    147. 

  147. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    148. 

  148. </span></pre>
    149. 

  149. </div>
    150. 

  150. <p><code>httplib::SSLServer</code> のコンストラクタに証明書と秘密鍵のパスを渡すだけです。ルーティングの書き方は3章の <code>httplib::Server</code> とまったく同じですよ。</p>
    151. 

  151. <p>コンパイルして起動しましょう。</p>
    152. 

  152. <h2>動作確認</h2>
    153. 

  153. <p>サーバーが起動したら、<code>curl</code> でアクセスしてみましょう。自己署名証明書なので、<code>-k</code> オプションで証明書検証をスキップします。</p>
    154. 

  154. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    155. 

  155. <span style="color:#6699cc;">curl</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -k</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> https://localhost:8443/
    156. 

  156. </span><span style="color:#747369;"># Hello, HTTPS!
    157. 

  157. </span></pre>
    158. 

  158. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    159. 

  159. <span style="color:#8fa1b3;">curl</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -k</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> https://localhost:8443/
    160. 

  160. </span><span style="color:#a7adba;"># Hello, HTTPS!
    161. 

  161. </span></pre>
    162. 

  162. </div>
    163. 

  163. <p>ブラウザで <code>https://localhost:8443</code> を開くと、「この接続は安全ではありません」と警告が出ます。自己署名証明書なので正常です。気にせず進めてください。</p>
    164. 

  164. <h2>クライアントからの接続</h2>
    165. 

  165. <p>前章の <code>httplib::Client</code> で接続してみましょう。自己署名証明書のサーバーに接続するには、2つの方法があります。</p>
    166. 

  166. <h3>方法1: 証明書検証を無効にする</h3>
    167. 

  167. <p>開発時の手軽な方法です。</p>
    168. 

  168. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    169. 

  169. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    170. 

  170. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    171. 

  171. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    172. 

  172. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    173. 

  173. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    174. 

  174. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">cli</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    175. 

  175. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">enable_server_certificate_verification</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(</span><span style="color:#f99157;">false</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">);
    176. 

  176. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    177. 

  177. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    178. 

  178. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">if </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(res) {
    179. 

  179. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#f2777a;">body </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#747369;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    180. 

  180. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    }
    181. 

  181. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    182. 

  182. </span></pre>
    183. 

  183. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    184. 

  184. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    185. 

  185. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    186. 

  186. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    187. 

  187. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    188. 

  188. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    189. 

  189. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">cli</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    190. 

  190. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">enable_server_certificate_verification</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(</span><span style="color:#d08770;">false</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">);
    191. 

  191. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    192. 

  192. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    193. 

  193. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">if </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(res) {
    194. 

  194. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#bf616a;">body </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#a7adba;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    195. 

  195. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    }
    196. 

  196. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    197. 

  197. </span></pre>
    198. 

  198. </div>
    199. 

  199. <h3>方法2: 自己署名証明書をCA証明書として指定する</h3>
    200. 

  200. <p>こちらのほうが安全です。<code>cert.pem</code> をCA証明書として信頼するよう指定します。</p>
    201. 

  201. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    202. 

  202. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    203. 

  203. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    204. 

  204. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    205. 

  205. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    206. 

  206. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    207. 

  207. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">cli</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    208. 

  208. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">set_ca_cert_path</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    209. 

  209. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    210. 

  210. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    211. 

  211. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">if </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(res) {
    212. 

  212. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#f2777a;">body </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#747369;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    213. 

  213. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    }
    214. 

  214. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    215. 

  215. </span></pre>
    216. 

  216. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    217. 

  217. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    218. 

  218. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    219. 

  219. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    220. 

  220. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    221. 

  221. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    222. 

  222. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">cli</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    223. 

  223. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">set_ca_cert_path</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    224. 

  224. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    225. 

  225. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    226. 

  226. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">if </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(res) {
    227. 

  227. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#bf616a;">body </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#a7adba;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    228. 

  228. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    }
    229. 

  229. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    230. 

  230. </span></pre>
    231. 

  231. </div>
    232. 

  232. <p>この方法なら、指定した証明書のサーバーにだけ接続を許可して、なりすましを防げます。テスト環境でもなるべくこちらを使いましょう。</p>
    233. 

  233. <h2>Server と SSLServer の比較</h2>
    234. 

  234. <p>3章で学んだ <code>httplib::Server</code> のAPIは、<code>httplib::SSLServer</code> でもそのまま使えます。違いはコンストラクタだけです。</p>
    235. 

  235. <table><thead><tr><th></th><th><code>httplib::Server</code></th><th><code>httplib::SSLServer</code></th></tr></thead><tbody>
    236. 

  236. <tr><td>コンストラクタ</td><td>引数なし</td><td>証明書と秘密鍵のパス</td></tr>
    237. 

  237. <tr><td>プロトコル</td><td>HTTP</td><td>HTTPS</td></tr>
    238. 

  238. <tr><td>ポート（慣例）</td><td>8080</td><td>8443</td></tr>
    239. 

  239. <tr><td>ルーティング</td><td>共通</td><td>共通</td></tr>
    240. 

  240. </tbody></table>
    241. 

  241. <p>HTTPサーバーをHTTPSに切り替えるには、コンストラクタを変えるだけです。</p>
    242. 

  242. <h2>次のステップ</h2>
    243. 

  243. <p>HTTPSサーバーが動きましたね。これでHTTP/HTTPSのクライアントとサーバー、両方の基本がそろいました。</p>
    244. 

  244. <p>次は、cpp-httplibに新しく加わったWebSocket機能を見てみましょう。</p>
    245. 

  245. <p><strong>次:</strong> <a href="../08-websocket">WebSocket</a></p>
    246. 

  246. 

  247.   </article>
    248. 

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    249. 

  249. 

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    251. 

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    253. 

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    254. 

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    255. 

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    257. 

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    258. 

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    259.