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    81. 

  81.     <h1>HTTPS Server</h1>
    82. 

  82.     <p>前章ではHTTPSクライアントを使いました。今度は自分でHTTPSサーバーを立ててみましょう。3章の <code>httplib::Server</code> を <code>httplib::SSLServer</code> に置き換えるだけです。</p>
    83. 

  83. <p>ただし、TLSサーバーにはサーバー証明書と秘密鍵が必要です。まずはそこから準備しましょう。</p>
    84. 

  84. <h2>自己署名証明書の作成</h2>
    85. 

  85. <p>開発やテスト用なら、自己署名証明書（いわゆるオレオレ証明書）で十分です。OpenSSLのコマンドでサクッと作れます。</p>
    86. 

  86. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    87. 

  87. <span style="color:#6699cc;">openssl</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> req</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -x509 -noenc -keyout</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> key.pem</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -out</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> cert.pem</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -subj</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> /CN=localhost
    88. 

  88. </span></pre>
    89. 

  89. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    90. 

  90. <span style="color:#8fa1b3;">openssl</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> req</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -x509 -noenc -keyout</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> key.pem</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -out</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> cert.pem</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -subj</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> /CN=localhost
    91. 

  91. </span></pre>
    92. 

  92. </div>
    93. 

  93. <p>これで2つのファイルができます。</p>
    94. 

  94. <ul>
    95. 

  95. <li><strong><code>cert.pem</code></strong> — サーバー証明書</li>
    96. 

  96. <li><strong><code>key.pem</code></strong> — 秘密鍵</li>
    97. 

  97. </ul>
    98. 

  98. <h2>最小のHTTPSサーバー</h2>
    99. 

  99. <p>証明書ができたら、さっそくサーバーを書いてみましょう。</p>
    100. 

  100. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    101. 

  101. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    102. 

  102. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    103. 

  103. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    104. 

  104. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    105. 

  105. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    106. 

  106. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::SSLServer </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">svr</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">key.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    107. 

  107. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    108. 

  108. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, [](</span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">const auto </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&amp;, </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&amp;res) {
    109. 

  109. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        res.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">set_content</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">Hello, HTTPS!</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">text/plain</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    110. 

  110. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    });
    111. 

  111. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    112. 

  112. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">Listening on https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    113. 

  113. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">listen</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">0.0.0.0</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;, </span><span style="color:#f99157;">8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">);
    114. 

  114. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    115. 

  115. </span></pre>
    116. 

  116. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    117. 

  117. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    118. 

  118. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    119. 

  119. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    120. 

  120. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    121. 

  121. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    122. 

  122. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::SSLServer </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">svr</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">key.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    123. 

  123. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    124. 

  124. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, [](</span><span style="color:#b48ead;">const auto </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&amp;, </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&amp;res) {
    125. 

  125. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        res.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">set_content</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">Hello, HTTPS!</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">text/plain</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    126. 

  126. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    });
    127. 

  127. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    128. 

  128. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">Listening on https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    129. 

  129. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    svr.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">listen</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">0.0.0.0</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;, </span><span style="color:#d08770;">8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">);
    130. 

  130. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    131. 

  131. </span></pre>
    132. 

  132. </div>
    133. 

  133. <p><code>httplib::SSLServer</code> のコンストラクタに証明書と秘密鍵のパスを渡すだけです。ルーティングの書き方は3章の <code>httplib::Server</code> とまったく同じですよ。</p>
    134. 

  134. <p>コンパイルして起動しましょう。</p>
    135. 

  135. <h2>動作確認</h2>
    136. 

  136. <p>サーバーが起動したら、<code>curl</code> でアクセスしてみましょう。自己署名証明書なので、<code>-k</code> オプションで証明書検証をスキップします。</p>
    137. 

  137. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    138. 

  138. <span style="color:#6699cc;">curl</span><span style="color:#f2777a;"> -k</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> https://localhost:8443/
    139. 

  139. </span><span style="color:#747369;"># Hello, HTTPS!
    140. 

  140. </span></pre>
    141. 

  141. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    142. 

  142. <span style="color:#8fa1b3;">curl</span><span style="color:#bf616a;"> -k</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> https://localhost:8443/
    143. 

  143. </span><span style="color:#a7adba;"># Hello, HTTPS!
    144. 

  144. </span></pre>
    145. 

  145. </div>
    146. 

  146. <p>ブラウザで <code>https://localhost:8443</code> を開くと、「この接続は安全ではありません」と警告が出ます。自己署名証明書なので正常です。気にせず進めてください。</p>
    147. 

  147. <h2>クライアントからの接続</h2>
    148. 

  148. <p>前章の <code>httplib::Client</code> で接続してみましょう。自己署名証明書のサーバーに接続するには、2つの方法があります。</p>
    149. 

  149. <h3>方法1: 証明書検証を無効にする</h3>
    150. 

  150. <p>開発時の手軽な方法です。</p>
    151. 

  151. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    152. 

  152. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    153. 

  153. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    154. 

  154. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    155. 

  155. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    156. 

  156. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    157. 

  157. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">cli</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    158. 

  158. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">enable_server_certificate_verification</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(</span><span style="color:#f99157;">false</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">);
    159. 

  159. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    160. 

  160. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    161. 

  161. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">if </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(res) {
    162. 

  162. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#f2777a;">body </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#747369;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    163. 

  163. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    }
    164. 

  164. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    165. 

  165. </span></pre>
    166. 

  166. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    167. 

  167. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    168. 

  168. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    169. 

  169. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    170. 

  170. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    171. 

  171. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    172. 

  172. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">cli</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    173. 

  173. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">enable_server_certificate_verification</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(</span><span style="color:#d08770;">false</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">);
    174. 

  174. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    175. 

  175. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    176. 

  176. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">if </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(res) {
    177. 

  177. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#bf616a;">body </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#a7adba;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    178. 

  178. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    }
    179. 

  179. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    180. 

  180. </span></pre>
    181. 

  181. </div>
    182. 

  182. <h3>方法2: 自己署名証明書をCA証明書として指定する</h3>
    183. 

  183. <p>こちらのほうが安全です。<code>cert.pem</code> をCA証明書として信頼するよう指定します。</p>
    184. 

  184. <div class="code-dark"><pre style="background-color:#2d2d2d;">
    185. 

  185. <span style="color:#cc99cc;">#define </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    186. 

  186. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;
    187. 

  187. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">#include </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">iostream</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&gt;
    188. 

  188. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    189. 

  189. </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">int </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">main</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">() {
    190. 

  190. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#6699cc;">cli</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    191. 

  191. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">set_ca_cert_path</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    192. 

  192. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">
    193. 

  193. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">auto</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#6699cc;">Get</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#99cc99;">/</span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&quot;);
    194. 

  194. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    </span><span style="color:#cc99cc;">if </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">(res) {
    195. 

  195. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#f2777a;">body </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#747369;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    196. 

  196. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">    }
    197. 

  197. </span><span style="color:#d3d0c8;">}
    198. 

  198. </span></pre>
    199. 

  199. </div><div class="code-light"><pre style="background-color:#eff1f5;">
    200. 

  200. <span style="color:#b48ead;">#define </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
    201. 

  201. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">httplib.h</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;
    202. 

  202. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">#include </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">iostream</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&gt;
    203. 

  203. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    204. 

  204. </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">int </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">main</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">() {
    205. 

  205. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    httplib::Client </span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">cli</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">https://localhost:8443</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    206. 

  206. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">set_ca_cert_path</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">cert.pem</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    207. 

  207. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">
    208. 

  208. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">auto</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;"> res = cli.</span><span style="color:#8fa1b3;">Get</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(&quot;</span><span style="color:#a3be8c;">/</span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&quot;);
    209. 

  209. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    </span><span style="color:#b48ead;">if </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">(res) {
    210. 

  210. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">        std::cout &lt;&lt; res-&gt;</span><span style="color:#bf616a;">body </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">&lt;&lt; std::endl;  </span><span style="color:#a7adba;">// Hello, HTTPS!
    211. 

  211. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">    }
    212. 

  212. </span><span style="color:#4f5b66;">}
    213. 

  213. </span></pre>
    214. 

  214. </div>
    215. 

  215. <p>この方法なら、指定した証明書のサーバーにだけ接続を許可して、なりすましを防げます。テスト環境でもなるべくこちらを使いましょう。</p>
    216. 

  216. <h2>Server と SSLServer の比較</h2>
    217. 

  217. <p>3章で学んだ <code>httplib::Server</code> のAPIは、<code>httplib::SSLServer</code> でもそのまま使えます。違いはコンストラクタだけです。</p>
    218. 

  218. <table><thead><tr><th></th><th><code>httplib::Server</code></th><th><code>httplib::SSLServer</code></th></tr></thead><tbody>
    219. 

  219. <tr><td>コンストラクタ</td><td>引数なし</td><td>証明書と秘密鍵のパス</td></tr>
    220. 

  220. <tr><td>プロトコル</td><td>HTTP</td><td>HTTPS</td></tr>
    221. 

  221. <tr><td>ポート（慣例）</td><td>8080</td><td>8443</td></tr>
    222. 

  222. <tr><td>ルーティング</td><td>共通</td><td>共通</td></tr>
    223. 

  223. </tbody></table>
    224. 

  224. <p>HTTPサーバーをHTTPSに切り替えるには、コンストラクタを変えるだけです。</p>
    225. 

  225. <h2>次のステップ</h2>
    226. 

  226. <p>HTTPSサーバーが動きましたね。これでHTTP/HTTPSのクライアントとサーバー、両方の基本がそろいました。</p>
    227. 

  227. <p>次は、cpp-httplibに新しく加わったWebSocket機能を見てみましょう。</p>
    228. 

  228. <p><strong>次:</strong> <a href="../08-websocket">WebSocket</a></p>
    229. 

  229. 

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    231. 

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    232. 

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