cpp-httplib/test/test.cc

// NOTE: This file should be saved as UTF-8 w/ BOM
#include <httplib.h>
#include <signal.h>

#ifndef _WIN32
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <curl/curl.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#include <gtest/gtest.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <cctype>
#include <chrono>
#include <clocale>
#include <cstdio>
#include <fstream>
#include <future>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <thread>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>

#if __cplusplus >= 202002L
inline std::string u8_to_string(const char8_t *s) {
  return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s));
}
#define U8(x) u8_to_string(u8##x)
#else
#define U8(x) u8##x
#endif

#define SERVER_CERT_FILE "./cert.pem"
#define SERVER_CERT2_FILE "./cert2.pem"
#define SERVER_CERT_IP_CN_FILE "./cert_ip_cn.pem"
#define SERVER_CERT_IPV6_FILE "./cert_ipv6.pem"
#define SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE "./key.pem"
#define CA_CERT_FILE "./ca-bundle.crt"
#define CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE "./rootCA.cert.pem"
#define CLIENT_CA_CERT_DIR "."
#define CLIENT_CERT_FILE "./client.cert.pem"
#define CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE "./client.key.pem"
#define CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_CERT_FILE "./client_encrypted.cert.pem"
// Mbed TLS < 3.6 (e.g. Ubuntu's 2.28) has no PBES2-AES and needs the PBES1-3DES
// key; 3.6+/4.x (4.x dropped DES) and OpenSSL/wolfSSL use the PBES2 AES key.
#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT) && (MBEDTLS_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x03060000)
#define CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE "./client_encrypted_pbes1.key.pem"
#else
#define CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE "./client_encrypted.key.pem"
#endif
#define CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PASS "test012!"
#define SERVER_ENCRYPTED_CERT_FILE "./cert_encrypted.pem"
#define SERVER_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE "./key_encrypted.pem"
#define SERVER_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PASS "test123!"

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
namespace httplib {
namespace tls {
// Declared here for the split build, where the TLS abstraction declarations
// live below the split border; the definition is linked from httplib.cc.
ca_store_t create_ca_store(const char *pem, size_t len);
} // namespace tls
} // namespace httplib
#endif

using namespace std;
using namespace httplib;

const char *HOST = "localhost";

static int get_base_port() {
  const char *shard = getenv("GTEST_SHARD_INDEX");
  return shard ? 11234 + std::atoi(shard) * 100 : 1234;
}

// NOTE: PORT is only for legacy fixtures (ServerTest, etc.).
// New standalone tests MUST use svr.bind_to_any_port() instead.
const int PORT = get_base_port();

const string LONG_QUERY_VALUE = string(25000, '@');
const string LONG_QUERY_URL = "/long-query-value?key=" + LONG_QUERY_VALUE;

const string TOO_LONG_QUERY_VALUE = string(35000, '@');
const string TOO_LONG_QUERY_URL =
    "/too-long-query-value?key=" + TOO_LONG_QUERY_VALUE;

const std::string JSON_DATA = "{\"hello\":\"world\"}";

const string LARGE_DATA = string(1024 * 1024 * 100, '@'); // 100MB

FormData &get_file_value(std::vector<FormData> &items, const char *key) {
  auto it = std::find_if(items.begin(), items.end(), [&](const FormData &file) {
    return file.name == key;
  });
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  return *it;
#else
  if (it != items.end()) { return *it; }
  throw std::runtime_error("invalid multipart form data name error");
#endif
}

static void read_file(const std::string &path, std::string &out) {
  std::ifstream fs(path, std::ios_base::binary);
  if (!fs) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
    return;
#else
    throw std::runtime_error("File not found: " + path);
#endif
  }
  fs.seekg(0, std::ios_base::end);
  auto size = fs.tellg();
  fs.seekg(0);
  out.resize(static_cast<size_t>(size));
  fs.read(&out[0], static_cast<std::streamsize>(size));
}

class UnixSocketTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void TearDown() override { std::remove(pathname_.c_str()); }

  void client_GET(const std::string &addr) {
    httplib::Client cli{addr};
    cli.set_address_family(AF_UNIX);
    ASSERT_TRUE(cli.is_valid());

    const auto &result = cli.Get(pattern_);
    ASSERT_TRUE(result) << "error: " << result.error();

    const auto &resp = result.value();
    EXPECT_EQ(resp.status, StatusCode::OK_200);
    EXPECT_EQ(resp.body, content_);
  }

  static std::string make_sock_path() {
    const char *shard = getenv("GTEST_SHARD_INDEX");
    return shard ? std::string("./httplib-server-") + shard + ".sock"
                 : "./httplib-server.sock";
  }
  const std::string pathname_{make_sock_path()};
  const std::string pattern_{"/hi"};
  const std::string content_{"Hello World!"};
};

TEST_F(UnixSocketTest, pathname) {
  httplib::Server svr;
  svr.Get(pattern_, [&](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content(content_, "text/plain");
  });

  std::thread t{[&] {
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX).listen(pathname_, 80));
  }};
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());

  client_GET(pathname_);
}

#if defined(__linux__) ||                                                      \
    /* __APPLE__ */ (defined(SOL_LOCAL) && defined(SO_PEERPID))
TEST_F(UnixSocketTest, PeerPid) {
  httplib::Server svr;
  std::string remote_port_val;
  svr.Get(pattern_, [&](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content(content_, "text/plain");
    remote_port_val = std::to_string(req.remote_port);
  });

  std::thread t{[&] {
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX).listen(pathname_, 80));
  }};
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());

  client_GET(pathname_);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::to_string(getpid()), remote_port_val);
}
#endif

#ifdef __linux__
TEST_F(UnixSocketTest, abstract) {
  constexpr char svr_path[]{"\x00httplib-server.sock"};
  const std::string abstract_addr{svr_path, sizeof(svr_path) - 1};

  httplib::Server svr;
  svr.Get(pattern_, [&](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content(content_, "text/plain");
  });

  std::thread t{[&] {
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX).listen(abstract_addr, 80));
  }};
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());

  client_GET(abstract_addr);
}
#endif

TEST_F(UnixSocketTest, HostHeaderAutoSet) {
  httplib::Server svr;
  std::string received_host_header;

  svr.Get(pattern_, [&](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
    // Capture the Host header sent by the client
    auto host_iter = req.headers.find("Host");
    if (host_iter != req.headers.end()) {
      received_host_header = host_iter->second;
    }
    res.set_content(content_, "text/plain");
  });

  std::thread t{[&] {
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX).listen(pathname_, 80));
  }};
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());

  // Test that Host header is automatically set to "localhost" for Unix socket
  // connections
  httplib::Client cli{pathname_};
  cli.set_address_family(AF_UNIX);
  ASSERT_TRUE(cli.is_valid());

  const auto &result = cli.Get(pattern_);
  ASSERT_TRUE(result) << "error: " << result.error();

  const auto &resp = result.value();
  EXPECT_EQ(resp.status, StatusCode::OK_200);
  EXPECT_EQ(resp.body, content_);

  // Verify that Host header was automatically set to "localhost"
  EXPECT_EQ(received_host_header, "localhost");
}

#ifndef _WIN32
TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_UNIX) {
  int fds[2];
  ASSERT_EQ(0, socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fds));

  const auto asSocketStream = [&](socket_t fd,
                                  std::function<bool(Stream &)> func) {
    return detail::process_client_socket(
        fd, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min(), func);
  };
  asSocketStream(fds[0], [&](Stream &s0) {
    EXPECT_EQ(s0.socket(), fds[0]);
    EXPECT_TRUE(s0.wait_writable());
    EXPECT_TRUE(s0.is_peer_alive());

    EXPECT_EQ(0, close(fds[1]));
    EXPECT_FALSE(s0.is_peer_alive());

    return true;
  });
  EXPECT_EQ(0, close(fds[0]));
}

TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_INET) {
  sockaddr_in addr;
  memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 1));
  addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);

  int disconnected_svr_sock = -1;
  std::thread svr{[&] {
    const int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    ASSERT_LE(0, s);
    ASSERT_EQ(0, ::bind(s, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)));
    ASSERT_EQ(0, listen(s, 1));
    ASSERT_LE(0, disconnected_svr_sock = accept(s, nullptr, nullptr));
    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(s));
  }};
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));

  std::thread cli{[&] {
    const int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    ASSERT_LE(0, s);
    ASSERT_EQ(0, connect(s, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)));
    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(s));
  }};
  cli.join();
  svr.join();
  ASSERT_NE(disconnected_svr_sock, -1);

  const auto asSocketStream = [&](socket_t fd,
                                  std::function<bool(Stream &)> func) {
    return detail::process_client_socket(
        fd, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min(), func);
  };
  asSocketStream(disconnected_svr_sock, [&](Stream &ss) {
    EXPECT_EQ(ss.socket(), disconnected_svr_sock);
    // wait_writable() returns true because select_write() only checks if the
    // send buffer has space. Peer disconnection is detected later by send().
    EXPECT_TRUE(ss.wait_writable());

    return true;
  });

  ASSERT_EQ(0, close(disconnected_svr_sock));
}
#endif // #ifndef _WIN32

TEST(SetSocketOptTest, TcpNoDelay) {
  auto sock = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  ASSERT_NE(sock, INVALID_SOCKET);
  EXPECT_TRUE(set_socket_opt(sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, 1));

  int val = 0;
  socklen_t len = sizeof(val);
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::getsockopt(sock, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY,
                            reinterpret_cast<char *>(&val), &len));
  EXPECT_NE(val, 0);
  detail::close_socket(sock);
}

TEST(ClientTest, MoveConstructible) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<Client>::value);
  EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<Client>::value);
}

TEST(ClientTest, MoveAssignable) {
  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<Client>::value);
  EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<Client>::value);
}

#ifdef _WIN32
TEST(StartupTest, WSAStartup) {
  WSADATA wsaData;
  int ret = WSAStartup(0x0002, &wsaData);
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ret);
}
#endif

TEST(DecodePathTest, PercentCharacter) {
  EXPECT_EQ(
      decode_path_component(
          R"(descrip=Gastos%20%C3%A1%C3%A9%C3%AD%C3%B3%C3%BA%C3%B1%C3%91%206)"),
      U8("descrip=Gastos áéíóúñÑ 6"));
}

TEST(DecodePathTest, PercentCharacterNUL) {
  string expected;
  expected.push_back('x');
  expected.push_back('\0');
  expected.push_back('x');

  EXPECT_EQ(decode_path_component("x%00x"), expected);
}

TEST(DecodePathTest, UnicodeEncoding) {
  // %u0041 = 'A' (1-byte UTF-8)
  EXPECT_EQ("A", decode_path_component("%u0041"));
  // %u00E9 = 'é' (2-byte UTF-8)
  EXPECT_EQ(U8("é"), decode_path_component("%u00E9"));
  // %u3042 = 'あ' (3-byte UTF-8)
  EXPECT_EQ(U8("あ"), decode_path_component("%u3042"));
  // %uFFFF = max 4-digit hex (3-byte UTF-8, must not overflow buff[4])
  EXPECT_FALSE(decode_path_component("%uFFFF").empty());
  // %uD800 = surrogate (invalid, silently dropped)
  EXPECT_EQ("", decode_path_component("%uD800"));
}

TEST(DecodeQueryTest, RejectsNonHexEscapes) {
  // A sign or whitespace inside the two-character escape window must not be
  // accepted as a valid percent-encoding; the sequence is passed through
  // literally, matching decode_uri_component / decode_path_component.
  EXPECT_EQ("%-1", decode_query_component("%-1", false));
  EXPECT_EQ("%-0", decode_query_component("%-0", false));
  EXPECT_EQ("%+5", decode_query_component("%+5", false));
  EXPECT_EQ("% 5", decode_query_component("% 5", false));
  // Well-formed escapes still decode.
  EXPECT_EQ("-", decode_query_component("%2D", false));
  EXPECT_EQ("A", decode_query_component("%41", false));
}

TEST(SanitizeFilenameTest, VariousPatterns) {
  // Path traversal
  EXPECT_EQ("passwd", httplib::sanitize_filename("../../../etc/passwd"));
  EXPECT_EQ("passwd", httplib::sanitize_filename("..\\..\\etc\\passwd"));
  EXPECT_EQ("file.txt", httplib::sanitize_filename("path/to\\..\\file.txt"));
  // Normal and edge cases
  EXPECT_EQ("photo.jpg", httplib::sanitize_filename("photo.jpg"));
  EXPECT_EQ("filename.txt",
            httplib::sanitize_filename("/path/to/filename.txt"));
  EXPECT_EQ(".gitignore", httplib::sanitize_filename(".gitignore"));
  EXPECT_EQ("", httplib::sanitize_filename(".."));
  EXPECT_EQ("", httplib::sanitize_filename(""));
  // Null bytes stripped
  EXPECT_EQ("safe.txt",
            httplib::sanitize_filename(std::string("safe\0.txt", 9)));
  // Whitespace-only rejected
  EXPECT_EQ("", httplib::sanitize_filename("   "));
}

// Forward declaration (see the base64_encode note below): split builds move the
// definition into httplib.cc, so re-declaring it here lets the test link.
namespace httplib {
namespace detail {
bool is_chunked_transfer_encoding(const Headers &headers);
} // namespace detail
} // namespace httplib

TEST(ChunkedTransferEncodingTest, DetectsChunkedAsFinalCoding) {
  // Build a Headers with the given Transfer-Encoding lines (nullptr = none).
  auto make = [](std::initializer_list<const char *> lines) {
    Headers h;
    for (auto te : lines) {
      if (te) { h.emplace("Transfer-Encoding", te); }
    }
    return h;
  };

  // Sole coding, matched case-insensitively.
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"chunked"})));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"Chunked"})));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"CHUNKED"})));

  // RFC 9112 6.1: chunked as the final coding of a list still frames the body.
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip, chunked"})));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip,chunked"})));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip, Chunked "})));

  // Single line: chunked absent, or not the final coding -> not chunk-framed.
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip"})));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"chunked, gzip"})));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({""})));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({nullptr})));

  // Multiple Transfer-Encoding lines: iteration order for duplicate keys is not
  // portable, so any line naming chunked is treated as chunked (fail safe).
  // The result must not depend on the order the lines were added.
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip", "chunked"})));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"chunked", "gzip"})));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_chunked_transfer_encoding(make({"gzip", "deflate"})));
}

// Forward declaration: in split builds split.py strips `inline` and moves the
// definition into httplib.cc, so detail::base64_encode is not visible from the
// public httplib.h. Re-declaring it here lets the tests link against the symbol
// in both header-only and split builds.
namespace httplib {
namespace detail {
std::string base64_encode(const std::string &in);
} // namespace detail
} // namespace httplib

TEST(Base64EncodeTest, KnownAnswers) {
  // RFC 4648 test vectors. Inputs of four bytes or more exercise the round
  // where the accumulator's top bit is already set before the next shift.
  EXPECT_EQ("", detail::base64_encode(""));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zg==", detail::base64_encode("f"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zm8=", detail::base64_encode("fo"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zm9v", detail::base64_encode("foo"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zm9vYg==", detail::base64_encode("foob"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zm9vYmE=", detail::base64_encode("fooba"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Zm9vYmFy", detail::base64_encode("foobar"));

  // High bytes keep the top bit set across several rounds.
  EXPECT_EQ("AAECA//+wIB/", detail::base64_encode(std::string(
                                "\x00\x01\x02\x03\xff\xfe\xc0\x80\x7f", 9)));
}

TEST(EncodeQueryParamTest, ParseUnescapedChararactersTest) {
  string unescapedCharacters = "-_.!~*'()";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(unescapedCharacters), "-_.!~*'()");
}

TEST(EncodeQueryParamTest, ParseReservedCharactersTest) {
  string reservedCharacters = ";,/?:@&=+$";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(reservedCharacters),
            "%3B%2C%2F%3F%3A%40%26%3D%2B%24");
}

TEST(ClientQueryOrder, PreserveOrder) {
  // This test reproduces Issue #2259: client may reorder query parameters
  // when sending a GET request. The expected behavior is that the client
  // preserves the original query string order when the caller supplied it
  // as part of the path.
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    // Echo back the raw target so the test can assert ordering
    res.set_content(req.target, "text/plain");
  });

  std::thread t{[&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); }};
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  ASSERT_TRUE(cli.is_valid());

  const std::string original = "/?z=1&y=2&x=3&c=7&b=8&a=9";
  auto res = cli.Get(original);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

  // Expect the echoed target to exactly match the original path (order
  // preserved)
  EXPECT_EQ(res->body, original);
}

TEST(EncodeQueryParamTest, TestUTF8Characters) {
  string chineseCharacters = U8("中国語");
  string russianCharacters = U8("дом");
  string brazilianCharacters = U8("óculos");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(chineseCharacters),
            "%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(russianCharacters),
            "%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(brazilianCharacters), "%C3%B3culos");
}

TEST(EncodeUriComponentTest, ParseUnescapedChararactersTest) {
  string unescapedCharacters = "-_.!~*'()";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(unescapedCharacters), "-_.!~*'()");
}

TEST(EncodeUriComponentTest, ParseReservedCharactersTest) {
  string reservedCharacters = ";,/?:@&=+$";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(reservedCharacters),
            "%3B%2C%2F%3F%3A%40%26%3D%2B%24");
}

TEST(EncodeUriComponentTest, TestUTF8Characters) {
  string chineseCharacters = U8("中国語");
  string russianCharacters = U8("дом");
  string brazilianCharacters = U8("óculos");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(chineseCharacters),
            "%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(russianCharacters),
            "%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(brazilianCharacters), "%C3%B3culos");
}

TEST(EncodeUriComponentTest, TestPathComponentEncoding) {
  // Issue #2082 use case: encoding path component with ampersand
  string pathWithAmpersand = "Piri Tommy Villiers - on & on";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri_component(pathWithAmpersand),
            "Piri%20Tommy%20Villiers%20-%20on%20%26%20on");
}

TEST(EncodeUriTest, ParseUnescapedChararactersTest) {
  string unescapedCharacters = "-_.!~*'()";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(unescapedCharacters), "-_.!~*'()");
}

TEST(EncodeUriTest, ParseReservedCharactersTest) {
  string reservedCharacters = ";,/?:@&=+$#";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(reservedCharacters), ";,/?:@&=+$#");
}

TEST(EncodeUriTest, TestUTF8Characters) {
  string chineseCharacters = U8("中国語");
  string russianCharacters = U8("дом");
  string brazilianCharacters = U8("óculos");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(chineseCharacters),
            "%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(russianCharacters), "%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC");

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(brazilianCharacters), "%C3%B3culos");
}

TEST(EncodeUriTest, TestCompleteUri) {
  string uri =
      "https://example.com/path/to/resource?query=value&param=test#fragment";

  EXPECT_EQ(
      httplib::encode_uri(uri),
      "https://example.com/path/to/resource?query=value&param=test#fragment");
}

TEST(EncodeUriTest, TestUriWithSpacesAndSpecialChars) {
  string uri =
      "https://example.com/path with spaces/file name.html?q=hello world";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::encode_uri(uri),
            "https://example.com/path%20with%20spaces/"
            "file%20name.html?q=hello%20world");
}

TEST(DecodeUriComponentTest, ParseEncodedChararactersTest) {
  string encodedString = "%3B%2C%2F%3F%3A%40%26%3D%2B%24";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(encodedString), ";,/?:@&=+$");
}

TEST(DecodeUriComponentTest, ParseUnescapedChararactersTest) {
  string unescapedCharacters = "-_.!~*'()";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(unescapedCharacters), "-_.!~*'()");
}

TEST(DecodeUriComponentTest, TestUTF8Characters) {
  string encodedChinese = "%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E";
  string encodedRussian = "%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC";
  string encodedBrazilian = "%C3%B3culos";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(encodedChinese), U8("中国語"));
  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(encodedRussian), U8("дом"));
  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(encodedBrazilian), U8("óculos"));
}

TEST(DecodeUriComponentTest, TestPathComponentDecoding) {
  string encodedPath = "Piri%20Tommy%20Villiers%20-%20on%20%26%20on";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri_component(encodedPath),
            "Piri Tommy Villiers - on & on");
}

TEST(DecodeUriTest, ParseEncodedChararactersTest) {
  string encodedString = "%20%22%3C%3E%5C%5E%60%7B%7D%7C";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri(encodedString), " \"<>\\^`{}|");
}

TEST(DecodeUriTest, ParseUnescapedChararactersTest) {
  string unescapedCharacters = "-_.!~*'();,/?:@&=+$#";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri(unescapedCharacters), "-_.!~*'();,/?:@&=+$#");
}

TEST(DecodeUriTest, TestUTF8Characters) {
  string encodedChinese = "%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E";
  string encodedRussian = "%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC";
  string encodedBrazilian = "%C3%B3culos";

  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri(encodedChinese), U8("中国語"));
  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri(encodedRussian), U8("дом"));
  EXPECT_EQ(httplib::decode_uri(encodedBrazilian), U8("óculos"));
}

TEST(DecodeUriTest, TestCompleteUri) {
  string encodedUri = "https://example.com/path%20with%20spaces/"
                      "file%20name.html?q=hello%20world";

  EXPECT_EQ(
      httplib::decode_uri(encodedUri),
      "https://example.com/path with spaces/file name.html?q=hello world");
}

TEST(DecodeUriTest, TestRoundTripWithEncodeUri) {
  string original =
      "https://example.com/path with spaces/file name.html?q=hello world";
  string encoded = httplib::encode_uri(original);
  string decoded = httplib::decode_uri(encoded);

  EXPECT_EQ(decoded, original);
}

TEST(DecodeUriComponentTest, TestRoundTripWithEncodeUriComponent) {
  string original = "Piri Tommy Villiers - on & on";
  string encoded = httplib::encode_uri_component(original);
  string decoded = httplib::decode_uri_component(encoded);

  EXPECT_EQ(decoded, original);
}

TEST(TrimTests, TrimStringTests) {
  EXPECT_EQ("abc", detail::trim_copy("abc"));
  EXPECT_EQ("abc", detail::trim_copy("  abc  "));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::trim_copy("").empty());
}

TEST(AsciiTest, LocaleIndependentClassification) {
  // detail::is_ascii_digit/alpha/alnum replace the <cctype> classifiers,
  // which consult the global C locale: std::isalnum(0xC5) can return true
  // once an embedder calls setlocale() (observed on macOS). The is_ascii_*
  // helpers must classify every byte by the ASCII grammar alone.
  for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
    auto c = static_cast<char>(i);
    auto is_digit = i >= '0' && i <= '9';
    auto is_upper = i >= 'A' && i <= 'Z';
    auto is_lower = i >= 'a' && i <= 'z';

    EXPECT_EQ(is_digit, detail::is_ascii_digit(c)) << "byte " << i;
    EXPECT_EQ(is_upper || is_lower, detail::is_ascii_alpha(c)) << "byte " << i;
    EXPECT_EQ(is_digit || is_upper || is_lower, detail::is_ascii_alnum(c))
        << "byte " << i;
  }

  // Regression check for the reported byte: 0xC5 is not alphanumeric.
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::is_ascii_alnum(static_cast<char>(0xC5)));

  // Non-ASCII bytes must be percent-encoded, never passed through as
  // alphanumeric.
  EXPECT_EQ("%C5", httplib::encode_uri_component("\xC5"));
}

TEST(FromCharsTest, Double) {
  // detail::from_chars(double) recognizes exactly the HTTP quality-value
  // grammar (RFC 9110 12.4.2): a non-negative decimal "1*DIGIT [ '.' *DIGIT ]"
  // with no sign, exponent, or "inf"/"nan", parsed locale-independently.
  auto parse = [](const std::string &s, double &v) {
    return detail::from_chars(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(), v);
  };

  double v = -1.0;

  // Representative quality values.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("0", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("1", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 1.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("0.8", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.8);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("0.001", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.001);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("1.000", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 1.0);

  // A missing integer or fractional part is tolerated.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse(".5", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.5);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("5.", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 5.0);

  // Values outside [0, 1] still parse; the caller range-checks them.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("123.456", v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 123.456);

  // Stops at the first byte that is not part of the number and reports where.
  std::string trailing = "0.9, text/html";
  auto r = parse(trailing, v);
  EXPECT_EQ(r.ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.9);
  EXPECT_EQ(*r.ptr, ',');

  // Sign and exponent are NOT part of the grammar: '+'/'-' are rejected
  // outright, and an 'e'/'E' simply ends the number.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("-3.25", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("+2.5", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  std::string exp_input = "1.5e3";
  r = parse(exp_input, v);
  EXPECT_EQ(r.ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 1.5);
  EXPECT_EQ(*r.ptr, 'e');

  // Invalid inputs.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse(".", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("abc", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("nan", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse("inf", v).ec, std::errc::invalid_argument);

  // Pathological but well-formed inputs must stay bounded (no overflow, no
  // out-of-bounds table access) and stay within [0, 1] for the caller.
  EXPECT_EQ(parse(std::string("0.") + std::string(500, '0'), v).ec,
            std::errc{});
  EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(v, 0.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse(std::string("0.") + std::string(500, '9'), v).ec,
            std::errc{});
  EXPECT_GE(v, 0.0);
  EXPECT_LE(v, 1.0);
  EXPECT_EQ(parse(std::string(500, '9'), v).ec, std::errc{});
  EXPECT_GT(v, 1.0); // huge integer: finite, > 1, so the caller rejects it
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, BasicAcceptParsing) {
  // Simple case without quality values
  std::vector<std::string> result1;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html,application/json,text/plain", result1));
  EXPECT_EQ(result1.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result1[0], "text/html");
  EXPECT_EQ(result1[1], "application/json");
  EXPECT_EQ(result1[2], "text/plain");

  // With quality values
  std::vector<std::string> result2;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html;q=0.9,application/json;q=1.0,text/plain;q=0.8", result2));
  EXPECT_EQ(result2.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result2[0], "application/json"); // highest q value
  EXPECT_EQ(result2[1], "text/html");
  EXPECT_EQ(result2[2], "text/plain"); // lowest q value
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, MixedQualityValues) {
  // Mixed with and without quality values
  std::vector<std::string> result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html,application/json;q=0.5,text/plain;q=0.8", result));
  EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], "text/html");        // no q value means 1.0
  EXPECT_EQ(result[1], "text/plain");       // q=0.8
  EXPECT_EQ(result[2], "application/json"); // q=0.5
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, EdgeCases) {
  // Empty header
  std::vector<std::string> empty_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("", empty_result));
  EXPECT_TRUE(empty_result.empty());

  // Single type
  std::vector<std::string> single_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("application/json", single_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(single_result.size(), 1U);
  EXPECT_EQ(single_result[0], "application/json");

  // Wildcard types
  std::vector<std::string> wildcard_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/*;q=0.5,*/*;q=0.1,application/json", wildcard_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(wildcard_result.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(wildcard_result[0], "application/json");
  EXPECT_EQ(wildcard_result[1], "text/*");
  EXPECT_EQ(wildcard_result[2], "*/*");
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, RealWorldExamples) {
  // Common browser Accept header
  std::vector<std::string> browser_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(
      detail::parse_accept_header("text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/"
                                  "xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8",
                                  browser_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result.size(), 6U);
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[0], "text/html");             // q=1.0 (default)
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[1], "application/xhtml+xml"); // q=1.0 (default)
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[2], "image/webp");            // q=1.0 (default)
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[3], "image/apng");            // q=1.0 (default)
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[4], "application/xml");       // q=0.9
  EXPECT_EQ(browser_result[5], "*/*");                   // q=0.8

  // API client header
  std::vector<std::string> api_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "application/json;q=0.9,application/xml;q=0.8,text/plain;q=0.1",
      api_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(api_result.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(api_result[0], "application/json");
  EXPECT_EQ(api_result[1], "application/xml");
  EXPECT_EQ(api_result[2], "text/plain");
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, SpecialCases) {
  // Quality value with 3 decimal places
  std::vector<std::string> decimal_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html;q=0.123,application/json;q=0.456", decimal_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(decimal_result.size(), 2U);
  EXPECT_EQ(decimal_result[0], "application/json"); // Higher q value
  EXPECT_EQ(decimal_result[1], "text/html");

  // Zero quality (should still be included but with lowest priority)
  std::vector<std::string> zero_q_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("text/html;q=0,application/json;q=1",
                                          zero_q_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(zero_q_result.size(), 2U);
  EXPECT_EQ(zero_q_result[0], "application/json"); // q=1
  EXPECT_EQ(zero_q_result[1], "text/html");        // q=0

  // No spaces around commas
  std::vector<std::string> no_space_result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html;q=0.9,application/json;q=0.8,text/plain;q=0.7",
      no_space_result));
  EXPECT_EQ(no_space_result.size(), 3U);
  EXPECT_EQ(no_space_result[0], "text/html");
  EXPECT_EQ(no_space_result[1], "application/json");
  EXPECT_EQ(no_space_result[2], "text/plain");
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, QualityValueLocaleIndependence) {
  // Quality values always use '.' as the decimal separator, so parsing must
  // not depend on the process locale. An embedding application may have
  // switched to a locale that uses ',' via setlocale(LC_ALL, "").
  const char *cur = std::setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, nullptr);
  std::string saved = cur ? cur : "C";

  const char *comma_locales[] = {"de_DE.UTF-8", "de_DE.utf8", "nl_NL.UTF-8",
                                 "fr_FR.UTF-8"};
  bool switched = false;
  for (const auto loc : comma_locales) {
    if (std::setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, loc) != nullptr &&
        std::localeconv()->decimal_point[0] == ',') {
      switched = true;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (!switched) {
    std::setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, saved.c_str());
    GTEST_SKIP() << "no comma-decimal locale available on this host";
  }

  // The higher-weighted type appears later in the list, so a correct parse
  // must reorder it ahead of the earlier, lower-weighted one. A locale-
  // sensitive parse reads both weights as 0 and leaves the original order.
  std::vector<std::string> result;
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "application/json;q=0.1,text/html;q=0.9", result));
  ASSERT_EQ(result.size(), 2U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], "text/html");
  EXPECT_EQ(result[1], "application/json");

  std::setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, saved.c_str());
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, InvalidCases) {
  std::vector<std::string> result;

  // Invalid quality value (> 1.0)
  EXPECT_FALSE(
      detail::parse_accept_header("text/html;q=1.5,application/json", result));

  // Invalid quality value (< 0.0)
  EXPECT_FALSE(
      detail::parse_accept_header("text/html;q=-0.1,application/json", result));

  // Invalid quality value (not a number)
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_accept_header(
      "text/html;q=invalid,application/json", result));

  // Empty quality value
  EXPECT_FALSE(
      detail::parse_accept_header("text/html;q=,application/json", result));

  // Invalid media type format (no slash and not wildcard)
  EXPECT_FALSE(
      detail::parse_accept_header("invalidtype,application/json", result));

  // Empty media type
  result.clear();
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_accept_header(",application/json", result));

  // Only commas
  result.clear();
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_accept_header(",,,", result));

  // Valid cases should still work
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("*/*", result));
  EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), 1U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], "*/*");

  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("*", result));
  EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), 1U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], "*");

  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::parse_accept_header("text/*", result));
  EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), 1U);
  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], "text/*");
}

TEST(ParseAcceptHeaderTest, ContentTypesPopulatedAndInvalidHeaderHandling) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/accept_ok", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(req.accept_content_types.size(), 3U);
    EXPECT_EQ(req.accept_content_types[0], "application/json");
    EXPECT_EQ(req.accept_content_types[1], "text/html");
    EXPECT_EQ(req.accept_content_types[2], "*/*");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Get("/accept_bad_request", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(false);
    res.set_content("bad request", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(
        "/accept_ok",
        Headers{{"Accept", "application/json, text/html;q=0.8, */*;q=0.1"}});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/accept_bad_request",
                       Headers{{"Accept", "text/html;q=abc,application/json"}});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(ServerStartHandlerTest, CalledOnceWhenReady) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  std::atomic<int> start_count{0};
  std::atomic<bool> running_when_called{false};
  svr.set_start_handler([&]() {
    running_when_called = svr.is_running();
    start_count++;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // A successful request proves the accept loop is running, which the start
  // handler precedes; so by now the handler must have run exactly once.
  Client cli(HOST, port);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  EXPECT_EQ(1, start_count.load());
  EXPECT_TRUE(running_when_called.load());
}

TEST(DivideTest, DivideStringTests) {
  auto divide = [](const std::string &str, char d) {
    std::string lhs;
    std::string rhs;

    detail::divide(str, d,
                   [&](const char *lhs_data, std::size_t lhs_size,
                       const char *rhs_data, std::size_t rhs_size) {
                     lhs.assign(lhs_data, lhs_size);
                     rhs.assign(rhs_data, rhs_size);
                   });

    return std::make_pair(std::move(lhs), std::move(rhs));
  };

  {
    const auto res = divide("", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("=", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide(" ", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, " ");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("a", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "a");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("a=", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "a");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("=b", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "b");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("a=b", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "a");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "b");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("a=b=", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "a");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "b=");
  }

  {
    const auto res = divide("a=b=c", '=');
    EXPECT_EQ(res.first, "a");
    EXPECT_EQ(res.second, "b=c");
  }
}

TEST(SplitTest, ParseQueryString) {
  string s = "key1=val1&key2=val2&key3=val3";
  Params dic;

  detail::split(s.c_str(), s.c_str() + s.size(), '&',
                [&](const char *b, const char *e) {
                  string key, val;
                  detail::split(b, e, '=', [&](const char *b2, const char *e2) {
                    if (key.empty()) {
                      key.assign(b2, e2);
                    } else {
                      val.assign(b2, e2);
                    }
                  });
                  dic.emplace(key, val);
                });

  EXPECT_EQ("val1", dic.find("key1")->second);
  EXPECT_EQ("val2", dic.find("key2")->second);
  EXPECT_EQ("val3", dic.find("key3")->second);
}

TEST(SplitTest, ParseInvalidQueryTests) {

  {
    string s = " ";
    Params dict;
    detail::parse_query_text(s, dict);
    EXPECT_TRUE(dict.empty());
  }

  {
    string s = " = =";
    Params dict;
    detail::parse_query_text(s, dict);
    EXPECT_TRUE(dict.empty());
  }
}

TEST(ParseQueryTest, ParseQueryString) {
  {
    std::string s = "key1=val1&key2=val2&key3=val3";
    Params dic;

    detail::parse_query_text(s, dic);

    EXPECT_EQ("val1", dic.find("key1")->second);
    EXPECT_EQ("val2", dic.find("key2")->second);
    EXPECT_EQ("val3", dic.find("key3")->second);
  }

  {
    std::string s = "key1&key2=val1&key3=val1=val2&key4=val1=val2=val3";
    Params dic;

    detail::parse_query_text(s, dic);

    EXPECT_EQ("", dic.find("key1")->second);
    EXPECT_EQ("val1", dic.find("key2")->second);
    EXPECT_EQ("val1=val2", dic.find("key3")->second);
    EXPECT_EQ("val1=val2=val3", dic.find("key4")->second);
  }
}

TEST(ParamsToQueryTest, ConvertParamsToQuery) {
  Params dic;

  EXPECT_EQ(detail::params_to_query_str(dic), "");

  dic.emplace("key1", "val1");

  EXPECT_EQ(detail::params_to_query_str(dic), "key1=val1");

  dic.emplace("key2", "val2");
  dic.emplace("key3", "val3");

  EXPECT_EQ(detail::params_to_query_str(dic), "key1=val1&key2=val2&key3=val3");
}

TEST(ParseMultipartBoundaryTest, DefaultValue) {
  string content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=something";
  string boundary;
  auto ret = detail::parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, boundary);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(boundary, "something");
}

TEST(ParseMultipartBoundaryTest, ValueWithQuote) {
  string content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=\"gc0pJq0M:08jU534c0p\"";
  string boundary;
  auto ret = detail::parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, boundary);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(boundary, "gc0pJq0M:08jU534c0p");
}

TEST(ParseMultipartBoundaryTest, ValueWithCharset) {
  string content_type =
      "multipart/mixed; boundary=THIS_STRING_SEPARATES;charset=UTF-8";
  string boundary;
  auto ret = detail::parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, boundary);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(boundary, "THIS_STRING_SEPARATES");
}

TEST(ParseMultipartBoundaryTest, ValueWithQuotesAndCharset) {
  string content_type =
      "multipart/mixed; boundary=\"cpp-httplib-multipart-data\"; charset=UTF-8";
  string boundary;
  auto ret = detail::parse_multipart_boundary(content_type, boundary);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(boundary, "cpp-httplib-multipart-data");
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, DefaultValue) {
  Headers headers = {{"Dummy", "Dummy"}};
  auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Content-Type", "text/plain", 0);
  EXPECT_STREQ("text/plain", val);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, DefaultValueInt) {
  Headers headers = {{"Dummy", "Dummy"}};
  auto val = detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, "Content-Length", 100, 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(100ull, val);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, RegularValue) {
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Type", "text/html"}, {"Dummy", "Dummy"}};
  auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Content-Type", "text/plain", 0);
  EXPECT_STREQ("text/html", val);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, RegularValueWithDifferentCase) {
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Type", "text/html"}, {"Dummy", "Dummy"}};
  auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "content-type", "text/plain", 0);
  EXPECT_STREQ("text/html", val);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, SetContent) {
  Response res;

  res.set_content("html", "text/html");
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res.get_header_value("Content-Type"));

  res.set_content("text", "text/plain");
  EXPECT_EQ(1U, res.get_header_value_count("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, RegularValueInt) {
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Length", "100"}, {"Dummy", "Dummy"}};
  auto val = detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, "Content-Length", 0, 0);
  EXPECT_EQ(100ull, val);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, RegularInvalidValueInt) {
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Length", "x"}};
  auto is_invalid_value = false;
  auto val = detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, "Content-Length", 0, 0,
                                          is_invalid_value);
  EXPECT_EQ(0ull, val);
  EXPECT_TRUE(is_invalid_value);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, OutOfRangeValueInt) {
  // An all-digit value that overflows size_t must be reported as invalid, not
  // silently saturated/truncated: parsing at size_t width would otherwise wrap
  // a large length to a small one on 32-bit builds, leaving the framing length
  // wrong while is_invalid_value stayed false.
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Length", "99999999999999999999999999"}};
  auto is_invalid_value = false;
  detail::get_header_value_u64(headers, "Content-Length", 0, 0,
                               is_invalid_value);
  EXPECT_TRUE(is_invalid_value);

  // A well-formed length is unaffected.
  Headers ok = {{"Content-Length", "1234"}};
  is_invalid_value = false;
  auto val = detail::get_header_value_u64(ok, "Content-Length", 0, 0,
                                          is_invalid_value);
  EXPECT_EQ(1234ull, val);
  EXPECT_FALSE(is_invalid_value);
}

TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, Range) {
  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-", val);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{-1, 1}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=-1", val);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10", val);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, -1}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10, 100-", val);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, 200}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10, 100-200", val);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 0}, {-1, 1}})};
    auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
    EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=0-0, -1", val);
  }
}

TEST(ParseHeaderValueTest, Range) {
  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret = detail::parse_range_header("bytes=1-", ranges);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges[0].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ranges[0].second);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret = detail::parse_range_header("bytes=-1", ranges);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ranges[0].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges[0].second);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret = detail::parse_range_header("bytes=1-10", ranges);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges[0].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(10u, ranges[0].second);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret = detail::parse_range_header("bytes=10-1", ranges);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ret);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret = detail::parse_range_header("bytes=1-10, 100-", ranges);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(2u, ranges.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges[0].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(10u, ranges[0].second);
    EXPECT_EQ(100u, ranges[1].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ranges[1].second);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;
    auto ret =
        detail::parse_range_header("bytes=1-10, 100-200, 300-400", ranges);
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(3u, ranges.size());
    EXPECT_EQ(1u, ranges[0].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(10u, ranges[0].second);
    EXPECT_EQ(100u, ranges[1].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(200u, ranges[1].second);
    EXPECT_EQ(300u, ranges[2].first);
    EXPECT_EQ(400u, ranges[2].second);
  }

  {
    Ranges ranges;

    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=0", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=-", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes= ", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=,", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=,,", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=,,,", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=a-b", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=1-0", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=0--1", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=0- 1", ranges));
    EXPECT_FALSE(detail::parse_range_header("bytes=0 -1", ranges));
    EXPECT_TRUE(ranges.empty());
  }
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding1, AcceptEncoding) {
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Gzip);
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
#endif
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding2, AcceptEncoding) {
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br, zstd");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Brotli);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Gzip);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Zstd);
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
#endif
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding3, AcceptEncoding) {
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding",
                 "br;q=1.0, gzip;q=0.8, zstd;q=0.8, *;q=0.1");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Brotli);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Gzip);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Zstd);
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
#endif
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding4, AcceptEncodingQZero) {
  // All supported encodings rejected with q=0 should return None
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "gzip;q=0, br;q=0, zstd;q=0, deflate");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding5, AcceptEncodingQZeroVariants) {
  // q=0.0, q=0.00, q=0.000 should also be treated as rejected
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "gzip;q=0.000, br;q=0.0, zstd;q=0.00");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding6, AcceptEncodingXGzipQZero) {
  // x-gzip;q=0 should not cause "gzip" to be incorrectly detected
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "x-gzip;q=0");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding7, AcceptEncodingCaseInsensitive) {
  // RFC 7231: Accept-Encoding values are case-insensitive
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "GZIP, BR, ZSTD");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Brotli);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Gzip);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Zstd);
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
#endif
}

TEST(ParseAcceptEncoding8, AcceptEncodingQValuePriority) {
  // q value should determine priority, not hardcoded order
  Request req;
  req.set_header("Accept-Encoding", "br;q=0.5, gzip;q=1.0, zstd;q=0.8");

  Response res;
  res.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain");

  auto ret = detail::encoding_type(req, res);

  // gzip has highest q=1.0, so it should be selected even though
  // br and zstd are also supported
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Gzip);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Zstd);
#elif CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::Brotli);
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(ret == detail::EncodingType::None);
#endif
}

TEST(BufferStreamTest, read) {
  detail::BufferStream strm1;
  Stream &strm = strm1;

  EXPECT_EQ(5, strm.write("hello"));

  char buf[512];
  EXPECT_EQ(2, strm.read(buf, 2));
  EXPECT_EQ('h', buf[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ('e', buf[1]);

  EXPECT_EQ(2, strm.read(buf, 2));
  EXPECT_EQ('l', buf[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ('l', buf[1]);

  EXPECT_EQ(1, strm.read(buf, 1));
  EXPECT_EQ('o', buf[0]);

  EXPECT_EQ(0, strm.read(buf, 1));
}

TEST(HostnameToIPConversionTest, HTTPWatch_Online) {
  auto host = "www.httpwatch.com";

  auto ip = hosted_at(host);
  EXPECT_EQ("23.96.13.243", ip);

  std::vector<std::string> addrs;
  hosted_at(host, addrs);
  EXPECT_EQ(1u, addrs.size());
}

#if 0 // It depends on each test environment...
TEST(HostnameToIPConversionTest, YouTube_Online) {
  auto host = "www.youtube.com";

  std::vector<std::string> addrs;
  hosted_at(host, addrs);

  EXPECT_EQ(20u, addrs.size());

  auto it = std::find(addrs.begin(), addrs.end(), "2607:f8b0:4006:809::200e");
  EXPECT_TRUE(it != addrs.end());
}
#endif

class ChunkedEncodingTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  ChunkedEncodingTest()
      : cli_(HOST, PORT)
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
        ,
        svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE)
#endif
  {
    cli_.set_connection_timeout(2);
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    cli_.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#endif
  }

  virtual void SetUp() {
    read_file("./image.jpg", image_data_);

    svr_.Get("/hi", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
    });

    svr_.Get(
        "/chunked", [this](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
          res.set_chunked_content_provider(
              "image/jpeg", [this](size_t offset, httplib::DataSink &sink) {
                size_t remaining = image_data_.size() - offset;
                if (remaining == 0) {
                  sink.done();
                } else {
                  constexpr size_t CHUNK_SIZE = 1024;
                  size_t send_size = std::min(CHUNK_SIZE, remaining);
                  sink.write(&image_data_[offset], send_size);

                  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
                }
                return true;
              });
        });

    t_ = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen(HOST, PORT)); });

    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    if (!request_threads_.empty()) {
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
      for (auto &t : request_threads_) {
        t.join();
      }
    }
    t_.join();
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli_;
  SSLServer svr_;
#else
  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
#endif
  thread t_;
  std::vector<thread> request_threads_;
  std::string image_data_;
};

TEST_F(ChunkedEncodingTest, NormalGet) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/chunked");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

  std::string out;
  read_file("./image.jpg", out);

  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(out, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ChunkedEncodingTest, WithContentReceiver) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/chunked", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
    body.append(data, data_length);
    return true;
  });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

  std::string out;
  read_file("./image.jpg", out);

  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(out, body);
}

TEST_F(ChunkedEncodingTest, WithResponseHandlerAndContentReceiver) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get(
      "/chunked",
      [&](const Response &response) {
        EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, response.status);
        return true;
      },
      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

  std::string out;
  read_file("./image.jpg", out);

  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(out, body);
}

TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/range/32"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
    auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
    auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijk", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  }

  // go-httpbin (httpbingo.org) returns 206 even when the range covers the
  // entire resource, while the original httpbin returned 200. Both are
  // acceptable per RFC 9110 §15.3.7, so we accept either status code.
  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 31}})};
    auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
    EXPECT_TRUE(res->status == StatusCode::OK_200 ||
                res->status == StatusCode::PartialContent_206);
  }

  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, -1}})};
    auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
    EXPECT_TRUE(res->status == StatusCode::OK_200 ||
                res->status == StatusCode::PartialContent_206);
  }

  // go-httpbin returns 206 with clamped range for over-range requests,
  // while the original httpbin returned 416. Both behaviors are observed
  // in real servers, so we only verify the request succeeds.
  {
    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 32}})};
    auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  }
}

TEST(GetAddrInfoDanglingRefTest, LongTimeout) {
  auto host = "unresolvableaddress.local";
  auto path = std::string{"/"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(1);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  }

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(8));
}

#if defined(__linux__) && defined(__GLIBC__) &&                                \
    defined(CPPHTTPLIB_USE_NON_BLOCKING_GETADDRINFO)

// Forward declaration: in split builds split.py strips `inline` and moves the
// definition into httplib.cc, so detail::getaddrinfo_with_timeout is not
// visible from the public httplib.h. Re-declaring it here lets the tests link
// against the symbol in both header-only and split builds.
namespace httplib {
namespace detail {
int getaddrinfo_with_timeout(const char *node, const char *service,
                             const struct addrinfo *hints,
                             struct addrinfo **res, time_t timeout_sec);
} // namespace detail
} // namespace httplib

// Reproducer for https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/issues/2431.
//
// On Linux/glibc, getaddrinfo_with_timeout() runs the lookup via
// getaddrinfo_a(GAI_NOWAIT) using a stack-local `struct gaicb`. When the
// gai_suspend() call hits the connection timeout the function calls
// gai_cancel() and returns immediately. gai_cancel() is non-blocking and
// can return EAI_NOTCANCELED, in which case the resolver worker thread is
// still alive and still references the now-destroyed stack frame.
//
// Triggering the bug requires DNS to actually hang (UDP/53 dropped, etc.),
// so these tests are gated on CPPHTTPLIB_TEST_ISSUE_2431=1 and are skipped
// during normal runs. test/run_issue_2431_repro.sh sets up the environment
// and runs them in a container.
namespace {
bool should_run_issue_2431_tests() {
  const char *v = getenv("CPPHTTPLIB_TEST_ISSUE_2431");
  return v && *v && std::string(v) != "0";
}

std::string unique_unresolvable_host(int n) {
  // .invalid is reserved (RFC 6761) and is never served by real DNS, but
  // glibc still asks the configured nameserver — which is exactly the path
  // we want to exercise. A unique label per call avoids the resolver cache.
  auto t = std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
  return "h-" + std::to_string(::getpid()) + "-" + std::to_string(t) + "-" +
         std::to_string(n) + ".invalid";
}
} // namespace

TEST(GetAddrInfoAsyncCancelTest, DirectCallSingleThread) {
  if (!should_run_issue_2431_tests()) {
    GTEST_SKIP()
        << "Set CPPHTTPLIB_TEST_ISSUE_2431=1 (and sinkhole DNS) to run";
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
    struct addrinfo hints;
    memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
    hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
    hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;

    auto host = unique_unresolvable_host(i);
    struct addrinfo *result = nullptr;
    int rc = detail::getaddrinfo_with_timeout(host.c_str(), "80", &hints,
                                              &result, /*timeout_sec=*/1);
    if (rc == 0 && result) { freeaddrinfo(result); }
  }

  // Give orphaned getaddrinfo_a worker threads a chance to write into the
  // stack region they still believe holds their gaicb.
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
}

TEST(GetAddrInfoAsyncCancelTest, DirectCallMultiThread) {
  if (!should_run_issue_2431_tests()) {
    GTEST_SKIP()
        << "Set CPPHTTPLIB_TEST_ISSUE_2431=1 (and sinkhole DNS) to run";
  }

  std::atomic<bool> stop{false};
  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  for (int t = 0; t < 8; ++t) {
    threads.emplace_back([t, &stop] {
      int i = 0;
      while (!stop.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
        struct addrinfo hints;
        memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
        hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
        hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;

        auto host = unique_unresolvable_host(t * 100000 + i++);
        struct addrinfo *result = nullptr;
        int rc = detail::getaddrinfo_with_timeout(host.c_str(), "80", &hints,
                                                  &result, /*timeout_sec=*/1);
        if (rc == 0 && result) { freeaddrinfo(result); }
      }
    });
  }

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(8));
  stop.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  for (auto &th : threads) {
    th.join();
  }
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
}

TEST(GetAddrInfoAsyncCancelTest, ClientGetMultiThread) {
  if (!should_run_issue_2431_tests()) {
    GTEST_SKIP()
        << "Set CPPHTTPLIB_TEST_ISSUE_2431=1 (and sinkhole DNS) to run";
  }

  std::atomic<bool> stop{false};
  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  for (int t = 0; t < 8; ++t) {
    threads.emplace_back([t, &stop] {
      int i = 0;
      while (!stop.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
        auto host = unique_unresolvable_host(t * 100000 + i++);
        Client cli(host, 80);
        cli.set_connection_timeout(1, 0);
        cli.set_read_timeout(1, 0);
        cli.set_write_timeout(1, 0);
        (void)cli.Get("/");
      }
    });
  }

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(8));
  stop.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  for (auto &th : threads) {
    th.join();
  }
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
}

#endif // __linux__ && __GLIBC__ && CPPHTTPLIB_USE_NON_BLOCKING_GETADDRINFO

TEST(ConnectionErrorTest, InvalidHost) {
  auto host = "-abcde.com";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, res.error());
}

TEST(ConnectionErrorTest, InvalidHost2) {
  auto host = "httpcan.org/";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, res.error());
}

TEST(ConnectionErrorTest, InvalidHostCheckResultErrorToString) {
  auto host = "httpcan.org/";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  stringstream s;
  s << "error code: " << res.error();
  EXPECT_EQ("error code: Could not establish connection (2)", s.str());
}

TEST(ConnectionErrorTest, InvalidPort) {
  auto host = "localhost";
  auto port = 44380;

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_TRUE(Error::Connection == res.error() ||
              Error::ConnectionTimeout == res.error());
}

TEST(ConnectionErrorTest, Timeout_Online) {
  auto host = "google.com";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 44380;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 8080;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  // only probe one address type so that the error reason
  // correlates to the timed-out IPv4, not the unsupported
  // IPv6 connection attempt
  cli.set_address_family(AF_INET);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::ConnectionTimeout, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, NoCancel_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/range/32"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res = cli.Get(path, [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayload_Online) {
  // Use /bytes with a large payload so that the DownloadProgress callback
  // (which only fires for Content-Length responses) is invoked before the
  // entire body is received, giving cancellation a chance to fire.
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/bytes/524288"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif

  auto res = cli.Get(path, [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayload_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/bytes/524288"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  uint32_t count = 0;
  auto res =
      cli.Get(path, [&count](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return (count++ == 0); });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPost) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPost) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPost) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);

  svr.Post("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPut) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Put("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPut) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Put("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPut) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);

  svr.Put("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPatch) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Patch("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPatch) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Patch("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPatch) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);

  svr.Patch("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelDelete) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Delete("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadDelete) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Delete("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadDelete) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);

  svr.Delete("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  auto res =
      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

static std::string remove_whitespace(const std::string &input) {
  std::string output;
  output.reserve(input.size());
  std::copy_if(input.begin(), input.end(), std::back_inserter(output),
               [](unsigned char c) { return !std::isspace(c); });
  return output;
}

TEST(BaseAuthTest, FromHTTPWatch_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/basic-auth/hello/world"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);
#else
  auto port = 80;
  Client cli(host, port);
#endif

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(
        path, Headers{make_basic_authentication_header("hello", "world")});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    auto body = remove_whitespace(res->body);
    EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"authenticated\":true") != std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"user\":\"hello\"") != std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    cli.set_basic_auth("hello", "world");
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    auto body = remove_whitespace(res->body);
    EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"authenticated\":true") != std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"user\":\"hello\"") != std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    cli.set_basic_auth("hello", "bad");
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
  }

  {
    cli.set_basic_auth("bad", "world");
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(DigestAuthTest, FromHTTPWatch_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto unauth_path = std::string{"/digest-auth/auth/hello/world"};
  auto paths = std::vector<std::string>{
      "/digest-auth/auth/hello/world/MD5",
      "/digest-auth/auth/hello/world/SHA-256",
  };

  auto port = 443;
  SSLClient cli(host, port);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(unauth_path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
  }

  {

    cli.set_digest_auth("hello", "world");
    for (const auto &path : paths) {
      auto res = cli.Get(path.c_str());
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      auto body = remove_whitespace(res->body);
      EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"authenticated\":true") != std::string::npos);
      EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("\"user\":\"hello\"") != std::string::npos);
      EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    }

    cli.set_digest_auth("hello", "bad");
    for (const auto &path : paths) {
      auto res = cli.Get(path.c_str());
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
    }
  }
}

#endif

TEST(SpecifyServerIPAddressTest, AnotherHostname_Online) {
  auto host = "google.com";
  auto another_host = "example.com";
  auto wrong_ip = "0.0.0.0";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{another_host, wrong_ip}});
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SpecifyServerIPAddressTest, RealHostname_Online) {
  auto host = "google.com";
  auto wrong_ip = "0.0.0.0";

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{host, wrong_ip}});
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, res.error());
}

TEST(SpecifyServerIPAddressTest, HostnameAsAddrMapValue) {
  // A mapped value that is not an IP literal must be resolved. "localhost"
  // resolves from the hosts file, so this test needs no external DNS.
  // "target.invalid" (RFC 6761) is only a map key and the Host header value.
  auto host = "target.invalid";

  Server svr;
  std::string received_host;
  svr.Get("/hi", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    received_host = req.get_header_value("Host");
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(host, port);
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{host, HOST}});

  auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  // The mapping only redirects the connection; the identity stays host_.
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(host) + ":" + std::to_string(port), received_host);
}

TEST(SpecifyServerIPAddressTest, IPAddressAsAddrMapValue) {
  // A mapped value that is an IP literal keeps the AI_NUMERICHOST path.
  auto host = "target.invalid";

  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(host, port);
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{host, "127.0.0.1"}});

  auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SpecifyServerIPAddressTest, EmptyAddrMapValueIsIgnored) {
  // An empty mapped value must leave host_ as the connection target. Without
  // that guard the empty value would become the host argument, getaddrinfo
  // would be called with a null node, and (no AI_PASSIVE) it would resolve to
  // loopback - silently connecting somewhere the caller never asked for.
  // The server listens on loopback, so such a fallback would succeed and is
  // therefore observable as a failure of this test.
  auto blackhole = "192.0.2.1"; // TEST-NET-1, never routable

  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(blackhole, port);
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{blackhole, ""}});
  cli.set_connection_timeout(1);

  auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
  EXPECT_FALSE(res) << "empty mapping must not redirect to loopback";
}

TEST(AbsoluteRedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/absolute-redirect/3"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(RedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/redirect/3"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(RelativeRedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/relative-redirect/3"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(TooManyRedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/redirect/21"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::ExceedRedirectCount, res.error());
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(YahooRedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  Client cli("yahoo.com");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("https://www.yahoo.com/", res->location);
}

// Previously "nghttp2.org" "/httpbin/redirect-to"
#define REDIR_HOST "httpbingo.org"
#define REDIR_PATH "/redirect-to"

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest, Redirect_Online) {
  SSLClient cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res =
      cli.Get(REDIR_PATH "?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com&status_code=302");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest2, Redirect_Online) {
  SSLClient cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("url", "http://example.com");
  params.emplace("status_code", "302");

  auto res = cli.Get(REDIR_PATH, params, Headers{});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest3, Redirect_Online) {
  SSLClient cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("url", "http://example.com");

  auto res = cli.Get(REDIR_PATH "?status_code=302", params, Headers{});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(UrlWithSpace, Redirect_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("edge.forgecdn.net");
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/files/2595/310/Neat 1.4-17.jar");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(18527U, res->get_header_value_u64("Content-Length"));
}
#endif

#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
TEST(ReceiveSignals, Signal) {
  auto setupSignalHandlers = []() {
    struct sigaction act;

    sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
    act.sa_sigaction = [](int sig, siginfo_t *, void *) {
      switch (sig) {
      case SIGINT:
      default: break;
      }
    };
    ::sigaction(SIGINT, &act, nullptr);
  };

  Server svr;
  int port = 0;
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() {
    setupSignalHandlers();
    port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr.listen_after_bind();
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());
  pthread_kill(thread.native_handle(), SIGINT);
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_running());
}
#endif

TEST(RedirectToDifferentPort, Redirect) {
  Server svr1;
  svr1.Get("/1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  int svr1_port = 0;
  auto thread1 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr1_port = svr1.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr1.listen_after_bind();
  });

  Server svr2;
  svr2.Get("/2", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("http://localhost:" + std::to_string(svr1_port) + "/1");
  });

  int svr2_port = 0;
  auto thread2 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr2_port = svr2.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr2.listen_after_bind();
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr2.stop();
    thread2.join();
    svr1.stop();
    thread1.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr2.is_running());
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr1.is_running());
  });

  svr1.wait_until_ready();
  svr2.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", svr2_port);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/2");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
}

static void
TestDoNotForwardCredentialsOnRedirect(std::function<void(Client &)> set_auth) {
  Server svr1;
  std::string captured_authorization;
  svr1.Get("/target", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    captured_authorization = req.get_header_value("Authorization");
    res.set_content("OK", "text/plain");
  });

  int svr1_port = 0;
  auto thread1 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr1_port = svr1.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr1.listen_after_bind();
  });

  Server svr2;
  svr2.Get("/redir", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect(
        "http://localhost:" + std::to_string(svr1_port) + "/target", 302);
  });

  int svr2_port = 0;
  auto thread2 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr2_port = svr2.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr2.listen_after_bind();
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr2.stop();
    thread2.join();
    svr1.stop();
    thread1.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr2.is_running());
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr1.is_running());
  });

  svr1.wait_until_ready();
  svr2.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", svr2_port);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  set_auth(cli);

  auto res = cli.Get("/redir");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  // RFC 9110: credentials MUST NOT be forwarded to a different host
  EXPECT_TRUE(captured_authorization.empty());
}

TEST(RedirectToDifferentPort, DoNotForwardCredentialsBasicAuth) {
  TestDoNotForwardCredentialsOnRedirect(
      [](Client &cli) { cli.set_basic_auth("admin", "secret"); });
}

TEST(RedirectToDifferentPort, DoNotForwardCredentialsBearerToken) {
  TestDoNotForwardCredentialsOnRedirect(
      [](Client &cli) { cli.set_bearer_token_auth("my-secret-token"); });
}

TEST(RedirectToDifferentPort, DoNotForwardCookie) {
  Server svr1;
  std::string captured_cookie;
  bool target_hit = false;
  svr1.Get("/target", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    captured_cookie = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
    target_hit = true;
    res.set_content("OK", "text/plain");
  });

  int svr1_port = 0;
  auto thread1 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr1_port = svr1.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr1.listen_after_bind();
  });

  Server svr2;
  svr2.Get("/redir", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect(
        "http://localhost:" + std::to_string(svr1_port) + "/target", 302);
  });

  int svr2_port = 0;
  auto thread2 = std::thread([&]() {
    svr2_port = svr2.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr2.listen_after_bind();
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr2.stop();
    thread2.join();
    svr1.stop();
    thread1.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr2.is_running());
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr1.is_running());
  });

  svr1.wait_until_ready();
  svr2.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", svr2_port);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Headers headers = {{"Cookie", "session_id=SECRET; auth=PRIVATE"}};
  auto res = cli.Get("/redir", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(target_hit);
  // Cookie MUST NOT be forwarded to a different host (GHSA-22mf-w2v3-r2jv)
  EXPECT_TRUE(captured_cookie.empty());
}

TEST(RedirectToSamePort, ForwardCookie) {
  // A same-origin redirect (same scheme/host/port) should preserve the Cookie
  // header so that ordinary session flows keep working.
  Server svr;
  std::string captured_cookie;
  svr.Get("/redir", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("/target", 302);
  });
  svr.Get("/target", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    captured_cookie = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
    res.set_content("OK", "text/plain");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Headers headers = {{"Cookie", "session_id=SECRET"}};
  auto res = cli.Get("/redir", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("session_id=SECRET", captured_cookie);
}

TEST(RedirectToDifferentPort, OverflowPortNumber) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/redir", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    // Port number that overflows int — should not crash
    res.set_redirect("http://localhost:99999999999999999999/target");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/redir");
  // Should fail gracefully, not crash (no valid response due to bad port)
  EXPECT_FALSE(res);
}

TEST(RedirectFromPageWithContent, Redirect) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("___", "text/plain");
    res.set_redirect("/2");
  });

  svr.Get("/2", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto th = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    th.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli("localhost", PORT);
    cli.set_follow_location(true);

    std::string body;
    auto res = cli.Get("/1", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      body.append(data, data_length);
      return true;
    });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", body);
  }

  {
    Client cli("localhost", PORT);

    std::string body;
    auto res = cli.Get("/1", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      body.append(data, data_length);
      return true;
    });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Found_302, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("___", body);
  }
}

TEST(RedirectFromPageWithContentIP6, Redirect) {
  Server svr;

  auto port_str = std::to_string(PORT);
  auto redirect_url = "http://[::1]:" + port_str + "/2";
  auto expected_host = "[::1]:" + port_str;

  svr.Get("/1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("___", "text/plain");
    // res.set_redirect("/2");
    res.set_redirect(redirect_url);
  });

  svr.Get("/2", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto host_header = req.headers.find("Host");
    ASSERT_TRUE(host_header != req.headers.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(expected_host, host_header->second);

    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto th = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen("::1", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    th.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  // When IPV6 support isn't available svr.listen("::1", PORT) never
  // actually starts anything, so the condition !svr.is_running() will
  // always remain true, and the loop never stops.
  // This basically counts how many milliseconds have passed since the
  // call to svr.listen(), and if after 5 seconds nothing started yet
  // aborts the test.
  for (unsigned int milliseconds = 0; !svr.is_running(); milliseconds++) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
    ASSERT_LT(milliseconds, 5000U);
  }

  {
    Client cli("::1", PORT);
    cli.set_follow_location(true);

    std::string body;
    auto res = cli.Get("/1", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      body.append(data, data_length);
      return true;
    });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", body);
  }

  {
    Client cli("::1", PORT);

    std::string body;
    auto res = cli.Get("/1", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      body.append(data, data_length);
      return true;
    });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Found_302, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("___", body);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, PathUrlEncode) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/foo", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto a = req.params.find("a");
    if (a != req.params.end()) {
      res.set_content((*a).second, "text/plain");
      res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
    } else {
      res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400;
    }
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);

    auto res = cli.Get("/foo?a=explicitly+encoded");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    // This expects it back with a space, as the `+` won't have been
    // url-encoded, and server-side the params get decoded turning `+`
    // into spaces.
    EXPECT_EQ("explicitly encoded", res->body);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, PreEncodedQueryNotReencoded) {
  // When path encoding is disabled the client must transmit the supplied
  // query verbatim. Decoding-then-re-encoding it (the previous behavior)
  // corrupts pre-encoded binary payloads: e.g. `%20` would be turned into
  // `+`, which a strict RFC 3986 server decodes back as `+` (0x2B) rather
  // than a space (0x20). Assert on the raw wire target to catch this.
  Server svr;

  const std::string expected_target = "/foo?q=a%20b%2Cc%24d%3Bx&a=%00%FF";

  svr.Get("/foo", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(expected_target, req.target);
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);

    auto res = cli.Get(expected_target.c_str());
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, StreamingMatchesBufferedTarget) {
  // `open_stream()` used to skip the path encoding that the buffered send
  // path applies, so the same `path` produced different bytes in the request
  // line depending on which API was used. Assert the two agree.
  Server svr;

  std::string target;
  svr.Get(".*", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target = req.target;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  struct {
    const char *path;
    const char *expected;
  } cases[] = {
      {"/a b?x=1", "/a%20b?x=1"},
      {"/\xE6\x97\xA5\xE6\x9C\xAC", "/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC"},
      {"/a,b;c+d", "/a%2Cb%3Bc%2Bd"},
  };

  for (const auto &c : cases) {
    Client cli(HOST, port);

    target.clear();
    auto res = cli.Get(c.path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(c.expected, target) << "buffered path: " << c.path;
    auto buffered_target = target;

    target.clear();
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", c.path);
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.is_valid())
        << "streaming path: " << c.path << ", " << to_string(handle.error);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffered_target, target) << "streaming path: " << c.path;
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, StreamingPreEncodedQueryNotReencoded) {
  // The `set_path_encode(false)` contract — transmit the supplied target
  // verbatim — must hold for the streaming API too.
  Server svr;

  const std::string expected_target = "/foo?q=a%20b%2Cc%24d%3Bx&a=%00%FF";

  std::string target;
  svr.Get("/foo", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target = req.target;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, port);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);

    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", expected_target);
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.is_valid()) << to_string(handle.error);
    EXPECT_EQ(expected_target, target);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, StreamingCRLFInTargetIsEncoded) {
  // With path encoding enabled a CR/LF in the target is percent-encoded
  // rather than rejected, matching the buffered send path. The CR/LF guard in
  // write_request_line still backstops `set_path_encode(false)`, which is
  // covered by StreamingCRLFRejectedWhenPathEncodeDisabled.
  Server svr;

  // Captured before routing: the decoded path contains a newline, which a
  // `.*` handler pattern would not match (`.` excludes `\n` in std::regex).
  std::string target;
  svr.set_pre_routing_handler([&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target = req.target;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, port);

    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/a\r\nX-Injected: 1");
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.is_valid()) << to_string(handle.error);
    EXPECT_EQ("/a%0D%0AX-Injected:%201", target);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, StreamingCRLFRejectedWhenPathEncodeDisabled) {
  // Nothing may reach the wire: a raw CR/LF target would split the request
  // line and inject headers.
  Server svr;

  // Pre-routing so that "not called" means nothing reached the server at all,
  // rather than merely failing to match a handler pattern.
  auto handler_called = false;
  svr.set_pre_routing_handler([&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    handler_called = true;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, port);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);

    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/a\r\nX-Injected: 1");
    EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Write, handle.error);
    EXPECT_FALSE(handler_called);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, RequestParamsBranchSelection) {
  // Which of the two branches runs is decided by whether the query component
  // is empty, not by whether `req.path` contains a `?`: a trailing `?` yields
  // an empty query and must still fall back to building one from
  // `req.params`, while a non-empty query must win over `req.params`.
  Server svr;

  std::string target;
  svr.Get("/foo", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target = req.target;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    // Trailing `?` -> empty query component -> `req.params` is used.
    Client cli(HOST, port);

    Request req;
    req.method = "GET";
    req.path = "/foo?";
    req.params.emplace("a", "1");

    target.clear();
    auto res = cli.send(req);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("/foo?a=1", target);
  }

  {
    // Non-empty query in `req.path` -> `req.params` is not appended.
    Client cli(HOST, port);

    Request req;
    req.method = "GET";
    req.path = "/foo?b=2";
    req.params.emplace("a", "1");

    target.clear();
    auto res = cli.send(req);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("/foo?b=2", target);
  }
}

TEST(PathUrlEncodeTest, IncludePercentEncodingLF) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [](const Request &req, Response &) {
    EXPECT_EQ("\x0A", req.get_param_value("something"));
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);

    auto res = cli.Get("/?something=%0A");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(BindServerTest, BindDualStack) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen("::", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/1");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  }
  {
    Client cli("::1", PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/1");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  }
}

TEST(BindServerTest, BindAndListenSeparately) {
  Server svr;
  int port = svr.bind_to_any_port("0.0.0.0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);
  svr.stop();
}

// Reports whether anything is still listening on a loopback port. A plain
// connect() is used instead of a Client request because a socket left bound by
// mistake accepts the connection into its backlog and never answers, which
// would hang the test instead of failing it.
static bool is_loopback_port_accepting(int port) {
  sockaddr_in addr{};
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(port));
  addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);

  socket_t sock = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  EXPECT_NE(sock, INVALID_SOCKET);
  if (sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return false; }

  auto ret = ::connect(sock, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr),
                       static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(addr)));
  detail::close_socket(sock);
  return ret == 0;
}

TEST(BindServerTest, StopClosesBoundSocketWithoutListen) {
  Server svr;
  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);
  svr.stop();

  // bind_to_any_port() already called listen(2), so until stop() closed the
  // descriptor the port kept accepting connections into the backlog. ASSERT
  // rather than EXPECT: with the socket still open, the listen_after_bind()
  // below blocks forever in the accept loop.
  ASSERT_FALSE(is_loopback_port_accepting(port));

  // Nothing is left to accept on, so listen_after_bind() must report failure
  // instead of returning success without ever serving.
  EXPECT_FALSE(svr.listen_after_bind());

  // The failed listen marks the server decommissioned, so a waiter returns
  // instead of spinning forever.
  svr.wait_until_ready();
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(BindServerTest, BindAndListenSeparatelySSL) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE,
                CLIENT_CA_CERT_DIR);
  int port = svr.bind_to_any_port("0.0.0.0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);
  svr.stop();
}

TEST(BindServerTest, BindAndListenSeparatelySSLEncryptedKey) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_ENCRYPTED_CERT_FILE, SERVER_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                nullptr, nullptr, SERVER_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PASS);
  int port = svr.bind_to_any_port("0.0.0.0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);
  svr.stop();
}

TEST(BindServerTest, UpdateCertsPem) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  int port = svr.bind_to_any_port("0.0.0.0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);

  // Read PEM files
  std::string cert_pem, key_pem, ca_pem;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, cert_pem);
  read_file(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, key_pem);
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, ca_pem);

  // Update server certificates using PEM API
  ASSERT_TRUE(
      svr.update_certs_pem(cert_pem.c_str(), key_pem.c_str(), ca_pem.c_str()));

  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.stop();
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, UpdateCertsPemWithClientAuth) {
  // Start server with client CA (enables client auth)
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  bool handler_called = false;
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    handler_called = true;
    // Verify client certificate is present
    auto cert = req.peer_cert();
    EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(cert));
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Read PEM files
  std::string cert_pem, key_pem, ca_pem;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, cert_pem);
  read_file(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, key_pem);
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, ca_pem);

  // Update server certificates and client CA using PEM API while server running
  ASSERT_TRUE(
      svr.update_certs_pem(cert_pem.c_str(), key_pem.c_str(), ca_pem.c_str()));

  // Connect with client certificate
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handler_called);
  EXPECT_EQ("ok", res->body);
}
#endif

TEST(ErrorHandlerTest, ContentLength) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_error_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
    res.set_content("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
                    "text/html"); // <= Content-Length still 13
  });

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!\n", "text/plain");
    res.status = 524;
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
    EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
    EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", res->body);
  }
}

#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
TEST(ExceptionTest, WithoutExceptionHandler) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/exception", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response & /*res*/) {
    throw std::runtime_error("exception...");
  });

  svr.Get("/unknown", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response & /*res*/) {
    throw std::runtime_error("exception\r\n...");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/exception");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
    EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_header("EXCEPTION_WHAT"));
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/unknown");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
    EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_header("EXCEPTION_WHAT"));
  }
}

TEST(ExceptionTest, WithExceptionHandler) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_exception_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res,
                               std::exception_ptr ep) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(ep == nullptr);
    try {
      std::rethrow_exception(ep);
    } catch (std::exception &e) {
      EXPECT_EQ("abc", std::string(e.what()));
    } catch (...) {}
    res.status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500;
    res.set_content("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
                    "text/html"); // <= Content-Length still 13 at this point
  });

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!\n", "text/plain");
    throw std::runtime_error("abc");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    for (size_t j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
      EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
      EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
      EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", res->body);
    }

    cli.set_keep_alive(true);

    for (size_t j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
      EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
      EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
      EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", res->body);
    }
  }
}

TEST(ExceptionTest, AndErrorHandler) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_error_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    if (res.body.empty()) { res.set_content("NOT_FOUND", "text/html"); }
  });

  svr.set_exception_handler(
      [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res, std::exception_ptr ep) {
        EXPECT_FALSE(ep == nullptr);
        try {
          std::rethrow_exception(ep);
        } catch (std::exception &e) {
          res.set_content(e.what(), "text/html");
        } catch (...) {}
        res.status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500;
      });

  svr.Get("/exception", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response & /*res*/) {
    throw std::runtime_error("EXCEPTION");
  });

  svr.Get("/error", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ERROR", "text/html");
    res.status = StatusCode::InternalServerError_500;
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/exception");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
    EXPECT_EQ("EXCEPTION", res->body);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/error");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("ERROR", res->body);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/invalid");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("NOT_FOUND", res->body);
  }
}
#endif

TEST(NoContentTest, ContentLength) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.status = StatusCode::NoContent_204;
  });
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NoContent_204, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  }
}

TEST(RoutingHandlerTest, PreAndPostRoutingHandlers) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
#else
  Server svr;
#endif

  svr.set_pre_routing_handler([](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (req.path == "/routing_handler") {
      res.set_header("PRE_ROUTING", "on");
      res.set_content("Routing Handler", "text/plain");
      return httplib::Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
    }
    return httplib::Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  svr.set_error_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Error", "text/html");
  });

  svr.set_post_routing_handler([](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (req.path == "/routing_handler") {
      res.set_header("POST_ROUTING", "on");
    }
  });

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!\n", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#else
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
#endif

    auto res = cli.Get("/routing_handler");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Routing Handler", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(1U, res->get_header_value_count("PRE_ROUTING"));
    EXPECT_EQ("on", res->get_header_value("PRE_ROUTING"));
    EXPECT_EQ(1U, res->get_header_value_count("POST_ROUTING"));
    EXPECT_EQ("on", res->get_header_value("POST_ROUTING"));
  }

  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#else
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
#endif

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!\n", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->get_header_value_count("PRE_ROUTING"));
    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->get_header_value_count("POST_ROUTING"));
  }

  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#else
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
#endif

    auto res = cli.Get("/aaa");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Error", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->get_header_value_count("PRE_ROUTING"));
    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->get_header_value_count("POST_ROUTING"));
  }
}

TEST(RequestHandlerTest, PreRequestHandler) {
  auto route_path = "/user/:user";

  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("hi", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Get(route_path, [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.path_params.at("user"), "text/plain");
  });

  svr.set_pre_request_handler([&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (req.matched_route == route_path) {
      auto user = req.path_params.at("user");
      if (user != "john") {
        res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403;
        res.set_content("error", "text/html");
        return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
      }
    }
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("hi", res->body);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/user/john");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("john", res->body);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/user/invalid-user");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Forbidden_403, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("error", res->body);
  }
}

// The pre-request handler must run before the request body is read, so a
// rejected request never forces the server to buffer a (potentially large)
// body. Here the posted body is larger than the payload limit: if the body
// were read first the server would answer 413, but because the pre-request
// handler runs first it answers 403 and the body is never read.
TEST(RequestHandlerTest, PreRequestHandlerRunsBeforeBodyIsRead) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_payload_max_length(8);

  auto handler_ran = false;
  svr.Post("/reject", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    handler_ran = true;
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Post("/accept", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  svr.set_pre_request_handler([](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (req.matched_route == "/reject") {
      res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403;
      res.set_content("denied", "text/plain");
      return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
    }
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Body (10 bytes) exceeds the 8-byte limit, yet the pre-request handler
  // rejects with 403 before the body is read, so 413 is never reached.
  {
    auto res = cli.Post("/reject", "0123456789", "text/plain");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Forbidden_403, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("denied", res->body);
    EXPECT_FALSE(handler_ran);
  }

  // An approved route still reads the body and enforces the payload limit.
  {
    auto res = cli.Post("/accept", "0123456789", "text/plain");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(UserDataTest, BasicOperations) {
  httplib::UserData ud;

  // Initially empty
  EXPECT_FALSE(ud.has("key"));
  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, ud.get<int>("key"));

  // set and get
  ud.set("key", 42);
  EXPECT_TRUE(ud.has("key"));
  auto *p = ud.get<int>("key");
  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, p);
  EXPECT_EQ(42, *p);

  // Type mismatch → nullptr
  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, ud.get<std::string>("key"));

  // Overwrite with different type
  ud.set("key", std::string("hello"));
  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, ud.get<int>("key"));
  auto *s = ud.get<std::string>("key");
  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, s);
  EXPECT_EQ("hello", *s);

  // erase
  ud.erase("key");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ud.has("key"));

  // clear
  ud.set("a", 1);
  ud.set("b", 2);
  ud.clear();
  EXPECT_FALSE(ud.has("a"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(ud.has("b"));
}

TEST(RequestHandlerTest, ResponseUserDataInPreRouting) {
  struct AuthCtx {
    std::string user_id;
  };

  Server svr;

  svr.set_pre_routing_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.user_data.set("auth", AuthCtx{"alice"});
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  svr.Get("/me", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    auto *ctx = res.user_data.get<AuthCtx>("auth");
    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, ctx);
    res.set_content("Hello " + ctx->user_id, "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get("/me");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello alice", res->body);
}

TEST(RequestHandlerTest, ResponseUserDataInPreRequest) {
  struct RoleCtx {
    std::string role;
  };

  Server svr;

  svr.set_pre_request_handler([](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.user_data.set("role", RoleCtx{"admin"});
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  svr.Get("/role", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    auto *ctx = res.user_data.get<RoleCtx>("role");
    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, ctx);
    res.set_content(ctx->role, "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get("/role");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("admin", res->body);
}

TEST(InvalidFormatTest, StatusCode) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!\n", "text/plain");
    res.status = 9999; // Status should be a three-digit code...
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  }
}

TEST(URLFragmentTest, WithFragment) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(req.target == "/hi");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi#key1=val1=key2=val2");
    EXPECT_TRUE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

    res = cli.Get("/hi%23key1=val1=key2=val2");
    EXPECT_TRUE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(HeaderWriter, SetHeaderWriter) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_header_writer([](Stream &strm, Headers &hdrs) {
    hdrs.emplace("CustomServerHeader", "CustomServerValue");
    return detail::write_headers(strm, hdrs);
  });
  svr.Get("/hi", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto it = req.headers.find("CustomClientHeader");
    EXPECT_TRUE(it != req.headers.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(it->second, "CustomClientValue");
    res.set_content("Hello World!\n", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_header_writer([](Stream &strm, Headers &hdrs) {
      hdrs.emplace("CustomClientHeader", "CustomClientValue");
      return detail::write_headers(strm, hdrs);
    });

    auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

    auto it = res->headers.find("CustomServerHeader");
    EXPECT_TRUE(it != res->headers.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(it->second, "CustomServerValue");
  }
}

class ServerTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  ServerTest()
      : cli_(HOST, PORT)
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
        ,
        svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE)
#endif
  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    cli_.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#endif
    // Allow LARGE_DATA (100MB) responses
    cli_.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);
  }

  virtual void SetUp() {
    // Allow LARGE_DATA (100MB) tests to pass with new 100MB default limit
    svr_.set_payload_max_length(200 * 1024 * 1024);

    svr_.set_mount_point("/", "./www");
    svr_.set_mount_point("/mount", "./www2");
    svr_.set_file_extension_and_mimetype_mapping("abcde", "text/abcde");

    svr_.Get("/hi",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/file_content",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_file_content("./www/dir/test.html");
             })
        .Get("/file_content_with_content_type",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_file_content("./www/file", "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/invalid_file_content",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_file_content("./www/dir/invalid_file_path");
             })
        .Get("/http_response_splitting",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_header("a", "1\r\nSet-Cookie: a=1");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_header("a", "1\nSet-Cookie: a=1");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_header("a", "1\rSet-Cookie: a=1");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_header("a\r\nb", "0");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_header("a\rb", "0");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_header("a\nb", "0");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("a"));

               res.set_redirect("1\r\nSet-Cookie: a=1");
               EXPECT_EQ(0U, res.headers.size());
               EXPECT_FALSE(res.has_header("Location"));
             })
        .Get("/slow",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(4));
               res.set_content("slow", "text/plain");
             })
#if 0
        .Post("/slowpost",
              [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
                res.set_content("slow", "text/plain");
              })
#endif
        .Get("/remote_addr",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               ASSERT_FALSE(req.has_header("REMOTE_ADDR"));
               ASSERT_FALSE(req.has_header("REMOTE_PORT"));
#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
               ASSERT_ANY_THROW(req.get_header_value("REMOTE_ADDR"));
               ASSERT_ANY_THROW(req.get_header_value("REMOTE_PORT"));
#endif
               res.set_content(req.remote_addr, "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/local_addr",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               ASSERT_FALSE(req.has_header("LOCAL_ADDR"));
               ASSERT_FALSE(req.has_header("LOCAL_PORT"));
#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
               ASSERT_ANY_THROW(req.get_header_value("LOCAL_ADDR"));
               ASSERT_ANY_THROW(req.get_header_value("LOCAL_PORT"));
#endif
               auto local_addr = req.local_addr;
               auto local_port = std::to_string(req.local_port);
               res.set_content(local_addr.append(":").append(local_port),
                               "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/endwith%",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/a\\+\\+b",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               ASSERT_TRUE(req.has_param("a +b"));
               auto val = req.get_param_value("a +b");
               res.set_content(val, "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/,
                      Response &res) { res.set_redirect("/hi"); })
        .Post("/1",
              [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
                res.set_redirect("/2", StatusCode::SeeOther_303);
              })
        .Get("/2",
             [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content("redirected.", "text/plain");
               res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
             })
        .Post("/person",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                if (req.has_param("name") && req.has_param("note")) {
                  persons_[req.get_param_value("name")] =
                      req.get_param_value("note");
                } else {
                  res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400;
                }
              })
        .Put("/person",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               if (req.has_param("name") && req.has_param("note")) {
                 persons_[req.get_param_value("name")] =
                     req.get_param_value("note");
               } else {
                 res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400;
               }
             })
        .Get("/person/(.*)",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               string name = req.matches[1];
               if (persons_.find(name) != persons_.end()) {
                 auto note = persons_[name];
                 res.set_content(note, "text/plain");
               } else {
                 res.status = StatusCode::NotFound_404;
               }
             })
        .Delete("/person",
                [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                  if (req.has_param("name")) {
                    string name = req.get_param_value("name");
                    if (persons_.find(name) != persons_.end()) {
                      persons_.erase(name);
                      res.set_content("DELETED", "text/plain");
                    } else {
                      res.status = StatusCode::NotFound_404;
                    }
                  } else {
                    res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400;
                  }
                })
        .Post("/x-www-form-urlencoded-json",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                auto json = req.get_param_value("json");
                ASSERT_EQ(JSON_DATA, json);
                res.set_content(json, "appliation/json");
                res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
              })
        .Get("/streamed-chunked",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                   "text/plain", [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     sink.os << "123";
                     sink.os << "456";
                     sink.os << "789";
                     sink.done();
                     return true;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-chunked-with-prohibited-trailer",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               auto i = new int(0);
               // Declare both a prohibited trailer (Content-Length) and an
               // allowed one
               res.set_header("Trailer", "Content-Length, X-Allowed");

               res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                   "text/plain",
                   [i](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     switch (*i) {
                     case 0: sink.os << "123"; break;
                     case 1: sink.os << "456"; break;
                     case 2: sink.os << "789"; break;
                     case 3: {
                       sink.done_with_trailer(
                           {{"Content-Length", "5"}, {"X-Allowed", "yes"}});
                     } break;
                     }
                     (*i)++;
                     return true;
                   },
                   [i](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_TRUE(success);
                     delete i;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-chunked2",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               auto i = new int(0);
               res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                   "text/plain",
                   [i](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     switch (*i) {
                     case 0: sink.os << "123"; break;
                     case 1: sink.os << "456"; break;
                     case 2: sink.os << "789"; break;
                     case 3: sink.done(); break;
                     }
                     (*i)++;
                     return true;
                   },
                   [i](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_TRUE(success);
                     delete i;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-chunked-with-trailer",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               auto i = new int(0);
               res.set_header("Trailer", "Dummy1, Dummy2");
               res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                   "text/plain",
                   [i](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     switch (*i) {
                     case 0: sink.os << "123"; break;
                     case 1: sink.os << "456"; break;
                     case 2: sink.os << "789"; break;
                     case 3: {
                       sink.done_with_trailer(
                           {{"Dummy1", "DummyVal1"}, {"Dummy2", "DummyVal2"}});
                     } break;
                     }
                     (*i)++;
                     return true;
                   },
                   [i](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_TRUE(success);
                     delete i;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content_provider(
                   6, "text/plain",
                   [](size_t offset, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     sink.os << (offset < 3 ? "a" : "b");
                     return true;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-without-length",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               auto data = new std::string("abcdefg");
               res.set_content_provider(
                   "text/plain",
                   [data](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
                     if (offset < data->size()) {
                       sink.os << data->substr(offset);
                     }
                     sink.done();
                     return true;
                   },
                   [data](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_TRUE(success);
                     delete data;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-with-range",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               auto data = new std::string("abcdefg");
               // An explicit status keeps the server from picking the 206 it
               // would otherwise choose for a ranged request, so the response
               // is not a partial representation.
               auto status = req.get_param_value("status");
               if (status == "200") {
                 res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
               } else if (status == "403") {
                 res.status = StatusCode::Forbidden_403;
               }
               res.set_content_provider(
                   data->size(), "text/plain",
                   [data](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
                     size_t DATA_CHUNK_SIZE = 4;
                     const auto &d = *data;
                     auto out_len =
                         std::min(static_cast<size_t>(length), DATA_CHUNK_SIZE);
                     auto ret =
                         sink.write(&d[static_cast<size_t>(offset)], out_len);
                     EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
                     return true;
                   },
                   [data, &req](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_EQ(success, !req.has_param("error"));
                     delete data;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/streamed-cancel",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content_provider(
                   size_t(-1), "text/plain",
                   [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     sink.os << "data_chunk";
                     return true;
                   });
             })
        .Get("/regex-with-delimiter",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               ASSERT_TRUE(req.has_param("key"));
               EXPECT_EQ("^(?.*(value))", req.get_param_value("key"));
             })
        .Get("/with-range",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content("abcdefg", "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/test-start-time",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_NE(req.start_time_,
                         std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min());
             })
        .Get("/with-range-customized-response",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.status = StatusCode::BadRequest_400;
               res.set_content(JSON_DATA, "application/json");
             })
        .Post("/chunked",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "dechunked post body");
              })
        .Post("/large-chunked",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                std::string expected(6 * 30 * 1024u, 'a');
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, expected);
              })
        .Post("/multipart",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                EXPECT_EQ(4u, req.form.get_field_count("text1") +
                                  req.form.get_field_count("text2") +
                                  req.form.get_field_count("file3") +
                                  req.form.get_field_count("file4"));
                EXPECT_EQ(2u, req.form.get_file_count("file1") +
                                  req.form.get_file_count("file2"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(!req.form.has_file("???"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(!req.form.has_field("???"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(req.body.empty());

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("text1");
                  EXPECT_EQ("text default", text);
                }

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("text2");
                  EXPECT_EQ("aωb", text);
                }

                {
                  const auto &file = req.form.get_file("file1");
                  EXPECT_EQ("hello.txt", file.filename);
                  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", file.content_type);
                  EXPECT_EQ("h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", file.content);
                }

                {
                  const auto &file = req.form.get_file("file2");
                  EXPECT_EQ("world.json", file.filename);
                  EXPECT_EQ("application/json", file.content_type);
                  EXPECT_EQ("{\n  \"world\", true\n}\n", file.content);
                }

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("file3");
                  EXPECT_EQ(0u, text.size());
                }

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("file4");
                  EXPECT_EQ(0u, text.size());
                }
              })
        .Post("/multipart/multi_file_values",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                EXPECT_EQ(3u, req.form.get_field_count("text") +
                                  req.form.get_field_count("multi_text1"));
                EXPECT_EQ(2u, req.form.get_file_count("multi_file1"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(!req.form.has_file("???"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(!req.form.has_field("???"));
                ASSERT_TRUE(req.body.empty());

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("text");
                  EXPECT_EQ("default text", text);
                }
                {
                  const auto &text1_values = req.form.get_fields("multi_text1");
                  EXPECT_EQ(2u, text1_values.size());
                  EXPECT_EQ("aaaaa", text1_values[0]);
                  EXPECT_EQ("bbbbb", text1_values[1]);
                }

                {
                  const auto &file1_values = req.form.get_files("multi_file1");
                  EXPECT_EQ(2u, file1_values.size());
                  auto file1 = file1_values[0];
                  EXPECT_EQ(file1.filename, "hello.txt");
                  EXPECT_EQ(file1.content_type, "text/plain");
                  EXPECT_EQ("h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", file1.content);

                  auto file2 = file1_values[1];
                  EXPECT_EQ(file2.filename, "world.json");
                  EXPECT_EQ(file2.content_type, "application/json");
                  EXPECT_EQ("{\n  \"world\", true\n}\n", file2.content);
                }
              })
        .Post("/empty",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "");
                EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                EXPECT_EQ("0", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                res.set_content("empty", "text/plain");
              })
        .Post("/empty-no-content-type",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "");
                EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_header("Content-Type"));
                EXPECT_EQ("0", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                res.set_content("empty-no-content-type", "text/plain");
              })
        .Post("/path-only",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "");
                EXPECT_EQ("", req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                EXPECT_EQ("0", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                res.set_content("path-only", "text/plain");
              })
        .Post("/path-headers-only",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "");
                EXPECT_EQ("", req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                EXPECT_EQ("0", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                EXPECT_EQ("world", req.get_header_value("hello"));
                EXPECT_EQ("world2", req.get_header_value("hello2"));
                res.set_content("path-headers-only", "text/plain");
              })
        .Post("/post-large",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, LARGE_DATA);
                res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
              })
        .Post("/post-loopback",
              [&](const Request &, Response &res,
                  ContentReader const &content_reader) {
                std::string body;
                content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                  body.append(data, data_length);
                  return true;
                });

                res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
              })
        .Put("/put-loopback",
             [&](const Request &, Response &res,
                 ContentReader const &content_reader) {
               std::string body;
               content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                 body.append(data, data_length);
                 return true;
               });

               res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
             })
        .Patch("/patch-loopback",
               [&](const Request &, Response &res,
                   ContentReader const &content_reader) {
                 std::string body;
                 content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                   body.append(data, data_length);
                   return true;
                 });

                 res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
               })
        .Put("/empty-no-content-type",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "");
               EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_header("Content-Type"));
               EXPECT_EQ("0", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
               res.set_content("empty-no-content-type", "text/plain");
             })
        .Put("/put",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "PUT");
               res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
             })
        .Put("/put-large",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               EXPECT_EQ(req.body, LARGE_DATA);
               res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
             })
        .Patch("/patch",
               [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                 EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "PATCH");
                 res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
               })
        .Delete("/delete",
                [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
                  res.set_content("DELETE", "text/plain");
                })
        .Delete("/delete-body",
                [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                  EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "content");
                  res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
                })
        .Options(R"(\*)",
                 [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
                   res.set_header("Allow", "GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS");
                 })
        .Get("/request-target",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_EQ("/request-target?aaa=bbb&ccc=ddd", req.target);
               EXPECT_EQ("bbb", req.get_param_value("aaa"));
               EXPECT_EQ("ddd", req.get_param_value("ccc"));
             })
        .Get("/long-query-value",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_EQ(LONG_QUERY_URL, req.target);
               EXPECT_EQ(LONG_QUERY_VALUE, req.get_param_value("key"));
             })
        .Get("/too-long-query-value",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_EQ(TOO_LONG_QUERY_URL, req.target);
               EXPECT_EQ(TOO_LONG_QUERY_VALUE, req.get_param_value("key"));
             })
        .Get("/array-param",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_EQ(3u, req.get_param_value_count("array"));
               EXPECT_EQ("value1", req.get_param_value("array", 0));
               EXPECT_EQ("value2", req.get_param_value("array", 1));
               EXPECT_EQ("value3", req.get_param_value("array", 2));
             })
        .Get("/array-param-values",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               auto values = req.get_param_values("array");
               EXPECT_EQ(3u, values.size());
               EXPECT_EQ("value1", values[0]);
               EXPECT_EQ("value2", values[1]);
               EXPECT_EQ("value3", values[2]);

               auto empty = req.get_param_values("nonexistent");
               EXPECT_TRUE(empty.empty());
             })
        .Post("/validate-no-multiple-headers",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                EXPECT_EQ(1u, req.get_header_value_count("Content-Length"));
                EXPECT_EQ("5", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
              })
        .Post("/content_receiver",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res,
                  const ContentReader &content_reader) {
                if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) {
                  std::vector<FormData> items;
                  content_reader(
                      [&](const FormData &file) {
                        items.push_back(file);
                        return true;
                      },
                      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                        items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

                  EXPECT_EQ(5u, items.size());

                  {
                    const auto &file = get_file_value(items, "text1");
                    EXPECT_TRUE(file.filename.empty());
                    EXPECT_EQ("text default", file.content);
                  }

                  {
                    const auto &file = get_file_value(items, "text2");
                    EXPECT_TRUE(file.filename.empty());
                    EXPECT_EQ("aωb", file.content);
                  }

                  {
                    const auto &file = get_file_value(items, "file1");
                    EXPECT_EQ("hello.txt", file.filename);
                    EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", file.content_type);
                    EXPECT_EQ("h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", file.content);
                  }

                  {
                    const auto &file = get_file_value(items, "file2");
                    EXPECT_EQ("world.json", file.filename);
                    EXPECT_EQ("application/json", file.content_type);
                    EXPECT_EQ(R"({\n  "world": true\n}\n)", file.content);
                  }

                  {
                    const auto &file = get_file_value(items, "file3");
                    EXPECT_TRUE(file.filename.empty());
                    EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", file.content_type);
                    EXPECT_EQ(0u, file.content.size());
                  }
                } else {
                  std::string body;
                  content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                    EXPECT_EQ(7U, data_length);
                    body.append(data, data_length);
                    return true;
                  });
                  EXPECT_EQ(body, "content");
                  res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
                }
              })
        .Put("/content_receiver",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res,
                 const ContentReader &content_reader) {
               std::string body;
               content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                 body.append(data, data_length);
                 return true;
               });
               EXPECT_EQ(body, "content");
               res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
             })
        .Patch("/content_receiver",
               [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res,
                   const ContentReader &content_reader) {
                 std::string body;
                 content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                   body.append(data, data_length);
                   return true;
                 });
                 EXPECT_EQ(body, "content");
                 res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
               })
        .Post("/query-string-and-body",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                ASSERT_TRUE(req.has_param("key"));
                EXPECT_EQ(req.get_param_value("key"), "value");
                EXPECT_EQ(req.body, "content");
              })
        .Get("/last-request",
             [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
               EXPECT_EQ("close", req.get_header_value("Connection"));
             })
        .Get(R"(/redirect/(\d+))",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               auto num = std::stoi(req.matches[1]) + 1;
               std::string url = "/redirect/" + std::to_string(num);
               res.set_redirect(url);
             })
        .Post("/binary",
              [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                EXPECT_EQ(4U, req.body.size());
                EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream",
                          req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                EXPECT_EQ("4", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                res.set_content(req.body, "application/octet-stream");
              })
        .Put("/binary",
             [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
               EXPECT_EQ(4U, req.body.size());
               EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream",
                         req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
               EXPECT_EQ("4", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
               res.set_content(req.body, "application/octet-stream");
             })
        .Patch("/binary",
               [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                 EXPECT_EQ(4U, req.body.size());
                 EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream",
                           req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                 EXPECT_EQ("4", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                 res.set_content(req.body, "application/octet-stream");
               })
        .Delete("/binary",
                [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
                  EXPECT_EQ(4U, req.body.size());
                  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream",
                            req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
                  EXPECT_EQ("4", req.get_header_value("Content-Length"));
                  res.set_content(req.body, "application/octet-stream");
                })
        .Get("/issue1772",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.status = 401;
               res.set_header("WWW-Authenticate", "Basic realm=123456");
             })
        .Delete("/issue609",
                [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res,
                   const httplib::ContentReader &) {
                  res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
                })
#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT) || defined(CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT) ||  \
    defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT)
        .Get("/compress",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content(
                   "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789"
                   "01234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
                   "text/plain");
             })
        .Get("/compress-with-charset",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content(
                   "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789"
                   "01234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
                   "application/json; charset=utf-8");
             })
        .Get("/nocompress",
             [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               res.set_content(
                   "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789"
                   "01234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
                   "application/octet-stream");
             })
        .Post("/compress-multipart",
              [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
                EXPECT_EQ(2u, req.form.fields.size());
                ASSERT_TRUE(!req.form.has_field("???"));

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("key1");
                  EXPECT_EQ("test", text);
                }

                {
                  const auto &text = req.form.get_field("key2");
                  EXPECT_EQ("--abcdefg123", text);
                }
              })
#endif
        ;

    persons_["john"] = "programmer";

    t_ = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen(HOST, PORT)); });

    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    if (!request_threads_.empty()) {
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
      for (auto &t : request_threads_) {
        t.join();
      }
    }
    t_.join();
  }

  map<string, string> persons_;
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli_;
  SSLServer svr_;
#else
  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
#endif
  thread t_;
  std::vector<thread> request_threads_;
};

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod200) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1", res->version);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("OK", res->reason);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(1U, res->get_header_value_count("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetEmptyFile) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/empty_file");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, std::stoi(res->get_header_value("Content-Length")));
  EXPECT_EQ("", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetFileContent) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/file_content");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(9, std::stoi(res->get_header_value("Content-Length")));
  EXPECT_EQ("test.html", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetFileContentWithRange) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/file_content", Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 3}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-3/9", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(3, std::stoi(res->get_header_value("Content-Length")));
  EXPECT_EQ("est", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetFileContentWithContentType) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/file_content_with_content_type");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(5, std::stoi(res->get_header_value("Content-Length")));
  EXPECT_EQ("file\n", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetInvalidFileContent) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/invalid_file_content");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod200withPercentEncoding) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/%68%69"); // auto res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1", res->version);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(1U, res->get_header_value_count("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod302) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Found_302, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("/hi", res->get_header_value("Location"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod302Redirect) {
  cli_.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli_.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("/hi", res->location);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethod404) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/invalid");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeadMethod200) {
  auto res = cli_.Head("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.empty());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeadMethod200Static) {
  auto res = cli_.Head("/mount/dir/index.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(104, std::stoi(res->get_header_value("Content-Length")));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.empty());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeadMethod404) {
  auto res = cli_.Head("/invalid");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.empty());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodPersonJohn) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("programmer", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMethod1) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john1");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  res = cli_.Post("/person", "name=john1&note=coder",
                  "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john1");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("coder", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMethod2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john2");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("name", "john2");
  params.emplace("note", "coder");

  res = cli_.Post("/person", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john2");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("coder", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutMethod3) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john3");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("name", "john3");
  params.emplace("note", "coder");

  res = cli_.Put("/person", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john3");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("coder", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, DeleteMethod1) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john4");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("name", "john4");
  params.emplace("note", "coder");

  res = cli_.Post("/person", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john4");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("coder", res->body);

  Params delete_params;
  delete_params.emplace("name", "john4");

  res = cli_.Delete("/person", delete_params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("DELETED", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john4");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, DeleteMethod2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john5");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("name", "john5");
  params.emplace("note", "developer");

  res = cli_.Post("/person", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john5");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("developer", res->body);

  Params delete_params;
  delete_params.emplace("name", "john5");

  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Custom-Header", "test-value");

  res = cli_.Delete("/person", headers, delete_params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("DELETED", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john5");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, DeleteMethod3) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/person/john6");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("name", "john6");
  params.emplace("note", "tester");

  res = cli_.Post("/person", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john6");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  ASSERT_EQ("tester", res->body);

  Params delete_params;
  delete_params.emplace("name", "john6");

  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Custom-Header", "test-value");

  res = cli_.Delete("/person", headers, delete_params, nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("DELETED", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/person/john6");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWwwFormUrlEncodedJson) {
  Params params;
  params.emplace("json", JSON_DATA);

  auto res = cli_.Post("/x-www-form-urlencoded-json", params);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(JSON_DATA, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostEmptyContent) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/empty", "", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("empty", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostEmptyContentWithNoContentType) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/empty-no-content-type");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("empty-no-content-type", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostPathOnly) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/path-only");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("path-only", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostPathAndHeadersOnly) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/path-headers-only",
                       Headers({{"hello", "world"}, {"hello2", "world2"}}));
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("path-headers-only", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostLarge) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/post-large", LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(LARGE_DATA, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutEmptyContentWithNoContentType) {
  auto res = cli_.Put("/empty-no-content-type");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("empty-no-content-type", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodDir) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));

  auto body = R"(<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
  <a href="/dir/test.html">Test</a>
  <a href="/hi">hi</a>
</body>
</html>
)";
  EXPECT_EQ(body, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodDirTest) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test.html", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodDirTestWithDoubleDots) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/../dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test.html", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodInvalidPath) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/../test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodOutOfBaseDir) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/../www/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodOutOfBaseDir2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/../../www/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodDirMountTest) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test.html", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodDirMountTestWithDoubleDots) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/dir/../dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("test.html", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodInvalidMountPath) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/dir/../test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodEmbeddedNUL) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/dir/test.html%00.js");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodOutOfBaseDirMount) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/../www2/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodOutOfBaseDirMount2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/dir/../../www2/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodOutOfBaseDirMountWithBackslash) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/mount/%2e%2e%5c/www2/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMethod303) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/1", "body", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::SeeOther_303, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("/2", res->get_header_value("Location"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMethod303Redirect) {
  cli_.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post("/1", "body", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("redirected.", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("/2", res->location);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, UserDefinedMIMETypeMapping) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/abcde", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("abcde", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRange) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde", Headers{{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/abcde", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("2", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 2-3/5", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("cd"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRanges) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, -1}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(
      res->get_header_value("Content-Type")
          .find(
              "multipart/byteranges; boundary=--cpp-httplib-multipart-data-") ==
      0);
  EXPECT_EQ("266", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeHead) {
  auto res = cli_.Head("/dir/test.abcde", {{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/abcde", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("2", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 2-3/5", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeBigFile) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", Headers{{make_range_header({{-1, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("5", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1048571-1048575/1048576",
            res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("LAST\n", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeBigFile2) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 4097}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("4097", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-4097/1048576", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileBigFile) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("1048576", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, InvalidBaseDirMount) {
  EXPECT_EQ(false, svr_.set_mount_point("invalid_mount_point", "./www3"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, Binary) {
  std::vector<char> binary{0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03};

  auto res = cli_.Post("/binary", binary.data(), binary.size(),
                       "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Put("/binary", binary.data(), binary.size(),
                 "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Patch("/binary", binary.data(), binary.size(),
                   "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Delete("/binary", binary.data(), binary.size(),
                    "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, BinaryString) {
  auto binary = std::string("\x00\x01\x02\x03", 4);

  auto res = cli_.Post("/binary", binary, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Put("/binary", binary, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Patch("/binary", binary, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());

  res = cli_.Delete("/binary", binary, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(4U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, EmptyRequest) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, LongRequest) {
  std::string request;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 545; i++) {
    request += "/TooLongRequest";
  }
  request += "OK";

  auto res = cli_.Get(request.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, TooLongRequest) {
  std::string request;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 546; i++) {
    request += "/TooLongRequest";
  }
  request += "_NG";

  auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

  cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
  auto res = cli_.Get(request.c_str());

  auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
  auto elapsed =
      std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start)
          .count();

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::UriTooLong_414, res->status);
  EXPECT_LE(elapsed, 1000);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, AlmostTooLongRequest) {
  // test for #2046 - URI length check shouldn't include other content on req
  // line URI is max URI length, minus 14 other chars in req line (GET, space,
  // leading /, space, HTTP/1.1)
  std::string request =
      "/" + string(CPPHTTPLIB_REQUEST_URI_MAX_LENGTH - 14, 'A');

  auto res = cli_.Get(request.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, LongHeader) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "GET";
  req.path = "/hi";

  std::string host_and_port;
  host_and_port += HOST;
  host_and_port += ":";
  host_and_port += std::to_string(PORT);

  req.headers.emplace("Host", host_and_port.c_str());
  req.headers.emplace("Accept", "*/*");
  req.headers.emplace("User-Agent", "cpp-httplib/0.1");

  req.headers.emplace(
      "Header-Name",
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@");

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto ret = cli_.send(req, *res, error);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, LongQueryValue) {
  auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

  cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
  auto res = cli_.Get(LONG_QUERY_URL.c_str());

  auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
  auto elapsed =
      std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start)
          .count();

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::UriTooLong_414, res->status);
  EXPECT_LE(elapsed, 1000);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, TooLongQueryValue) {
  auto res = cli_.Get(TOO_LONG_QUERY_URL.c_str());

  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, TooLongHeader) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "GET";
  req.path = "/hi";

  std::string host_and_port;
  host_and_port += HOST;
  host_and_port += ":";
  host_and_port += std::to_string(PORT);

  req.headers.emplace("Host", host_and_port.c_str());
  req.headers.emplace("Accept", "*/*");
  req.headers.emplace("User-Agent", "cpp-httplib/0.1");

  req.headers.emplace(
      "Header-Name",
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@"
      "@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@");

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto ret = cli_.send(req, *res, error);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountAtLimit) {
  // Test with headers just under the 100 limit
  httplib::Headers headers;

  // Add 95 custom headers (the client will add Host, User-Agent, Accept, etc.)
  // This should keep us just under the 100 header limit
  for (int i = 0; i < 95; i++) {
    std::string name = "X-Test-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
    std::string value = "value" + std::to_string(i);
    headers.emplace(name, value);
  }

  // This should work fine as we're under the limit
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi", headers);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res);
  if (res) { EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status); }
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountExceedsLimit) {
  // Test with many headers to exceed the 100 limit
  httplib::Headers headers;

  // Add 150 headers to definitely exceed the 100 limit
  for (int i = 0; i < 150; i++) {
    std::string name = "X-Test-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
    std::string value = "value" + std::to_string(i);
    headers.emplace(name, value);
  }

  // This should fail due to exceeding header count limit
  cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi", headers);

  // The server should respond with 400 Bad Request
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PercentEncoding) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/e%6edwith%");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PercentEncodingUnicode) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/e%u006edwith%");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, InvalidPercentEncoding) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/%endwith%");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, InvalidPercentEncodingUnicode) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/%uendwith%");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, EndWithPercentCharacterInQuery) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hello?aaa=bbb%");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PlusSignEncoding) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/a+%2Bb?a %2bb=a %2Bb");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("a +b", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HeaderCountSecurityTest) {
  // This test simulates a potential DoS attack using many headers
  // to verify our security fix prevents memory exhaustion

  httplib::Headers attack_headers;

  // Attempt to add many headers like an attacker would (200 headers to far
  // exceed limit)
  for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
    std::string name = "X-Attack-Header-" + std::to_string(i);
    std::string value = "attack_payload_" + std::to_string(i);
    attack_headers.emplace(name, value);
  }

  // Try to POST with excessive headers
  cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post("/", attack_headers, "test_data", "text/plain");

  // Should either fail or return 400 Bad Request due to security limit
  if (res) {
    // If we get a response, it should be 400 Bad Request
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
  }

  EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, MultipartFormData) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"text1", "text default", "", ""},
      {"text2", "aωb", "", ""},
      {"file1", "h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", "hello.txt", "text/plain"},
      {"file2", "{\n  \"world\", true\n}\n", "world.json", "application/json"},
      {"file3", "", "", "application/octet-stream"},
      {"file4", "", "", "   application/json  tmp-string    "}};

  auto res = cli_.Post("/multipart", items);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, MultipartFormDataMultiFileValues) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"text", "default text", "", ""},

      {"multi_text1", "aaaaa", "", ""},
      {"multi_text1", "bbbbb", "", ""},

      {"multi_file1", "h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", "hello.txt", "text/plain"},
      {"multi_file1", "{\n  \"world\", true\n}\n", "world.json",
       "application/json"},
  };

  auto res = cli_.Post("/multipart/multi_file_values", items);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, CaseInsensitiveHeaderName) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("content-type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, CaseInsensitiveTransferEncoding) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "POST";
  req.path = "/chunked";

  std::string host_and_port;
  host_and_port += HOST;
  host_and_port += ":";
  host_and_port += std::to_string(PORT);

  req.headers.emplace("Host", host_and_port.c_str());
  req.headers.emplace("Accept", "*/*");
  req.headers.emplace("User-Agent", "cpp-httplib/0.1");
  req.headers.emplace("Content-Type", "text/plain");
  req.headers.emplace("Content-Length", "0");
  req.headers.emplace(
      "Transfer-Encoding",
      "Chunked"); // Note, "Chunked" rather than typical "chunked".

  // Client does not chunk, so make a chunked body manually.
  req.body = "4\r\ndech\r\nf\r\nunked post body\r\n0\r\n\r\n";

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto ret = cli_.send(req, *res, error);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// GHSA-h6wq-j5mv-f3q8: the server must reject malformed chunk-size lines
// rather than treat them as valid lengths.
template <typename ClientT>
static void expect_chunked_body_rejected(ClientT &cli, const char *body) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "POST";
  req.path = "/chunked";

  std::string host_and_port;
  host_and_port += HOST;
  host_and_port += ":";
  host_and_port += std::to_string(PORT);

  req.headers.emplace("Host", host_and_port.c_str());
  req.headers.emplace("Content-Length", "0");
  req.headers.emplace("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked");
  req.body = body;

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  ASSERT_TRUE(cli.send(req, *res, error));
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, RejectsNegativeChunkSize) {
  expect_chunked_body_rejected(cli_, "-2\r\nAAAA\r\n0\r\n\r\n");
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, RejectsChunkSizeWithLeadingPlus) {
  expect_chunked_body_rejected(
      cli_, "+4\r\ndech\r\nf\r\nunked post body\r\n0\r\n\r\n");
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamed2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed", Headers{{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("2", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 2-3/6", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("ab"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamed) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("aaabbb"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithoutLengthWithRange) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-without-length",
                      Headers{make_range_header({{0, -1}})});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdefg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange1) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{{make_range_header({{3, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("3", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 3-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("def"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange2) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{{make_range_header({{1, -1}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("bcdefg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix1) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{{"Range", "bytes=-3"}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("3", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 4-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("efg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix2) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error", Headers{{"Range", "bytes=-9999"}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeAndNonPartialStatus) {
  // Only a 206 is served as a partial representation. Under any other status
  // `apply_ranges()` reported the full content length, so the body must match
  // that header, and the content provider must never be asked for an offset
  // outside the representation.
  auto check = [&](int status, const char *range) {
    auto path =
        std::string("/streamed-with-range?status=") + std::to_string(status);
    auto ctx = path + " Range: " + range;

    auto res = cli_.Get(path, Headers{{"Range", range}});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << ctx << " Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(status, res->status) << ctx;
    EXPECT_EQ("7", res->get_header_value("Content-Length")) << ctx;
    EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type")) << ctx;
    EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_header("Content-Range")) << ctx;
    EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdefg"), res->body) << ctx;
  };

  // Non-2xx: `detail::range_error()` never validated these ranges at all.
  check(403, "bytes=3-5");
  // The offset is far past the representation.
  check(403, "bytes=100000-100200");
  // `first_pos` is still -1 here, and the bounds asserts in
  // `get_range_offset_and_length()` are compiled out under NDEBUG.
  check(403, "bytes=-3");
  // `apply_ranges()` makes no boundary for a non-206 response, so the
  // multipart branch would have written one that is empty.
  check(403, "bytes=1-2, 4-5");

  // 2xx but not 206: the ranges were validated, yet the Content-Length still
  // covers the whole representation.
  check(200, "bytes=3-5");
  check(200, "bytes=1-2, 4-5");
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeError) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
               Headers{{"Range", "bytes=92233720368547758079223372036854775806-"
                                 "92233720368547758079223372036854775807"}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithMaxLongLength) {
  auto res = cli_.Get(
      "/with-range",
      Headers{{"Range",
               "bytes=0-" + std::to_string(std::numeric_limits<long>::max())},
              {"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("7", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 0-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdefg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithZeroToInfinite) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         {"Range", "bytes=0-"},
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("7", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 0-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdefg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeMultipart) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("267", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(267U, res->body.size());

  // Check that both range contents are present
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("bc\r\n") != std::string::npos);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("ef\r\n") != std::string::npos);

  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 1-2/7") !=
              std::string::npos);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 4-5/7") !=
              std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithTooManyRanges) {
  Ranges ranges;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < CPPHTTPLIB_RANGE_MAX_COUNT + 1; i++) {
    ranges.emplace_back(0, -1);
  }

  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
                      Headers{{make_range_header(ranges)}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithOverwrapping) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 4}, {2, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(5U, res->body.size());

  // Check that overlapping ranges are coalesced into a single range
  EXPECT_EQ("bcdef", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));

  // Should be single range, not multipart
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithNonAscendingRanges) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{4, 5}, {0, 2}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(268U, res->body.size());

  // Check that both range contents are present
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("ef\r\n") != std::string::npos);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("abc\r\n") != std::string::npos);

  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 4-5/7") !=
              std::string::npos);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7") !=
              std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithDuplicateRanges) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{0, 2}, {0, 2}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(269U, res->body.size());

  // Check that both duplicate range contents are present
  size_t first_abc = res->body.find("abc\r\n");
  EXPECT_TRUE(first_abc != std::string::npos);
  size_t second_abc = res->body.find("abc\r\n", first_abc + 1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(second_abc != std::string::npos);

  // Check that Content-Range headers are present for both ranges
  size_t first_range = res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7");
  EXPECT_TRUE(first_range != std::string::npos);
  size_t second_range =
      res->body.find("Content-Range: bytes 0-2/7", first_range + 1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(second_range != std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangesMoreThanTwoOverwrapping) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
               Headers{{make_range_header({{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedEndless) {
  uint64_t offset = 0;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-cancel",
                      [&](const char * /*data*/, uint64_t data_length) {
                        if (offset < 100) {
                          offset += data_length;
                          return true;
                        }
                        return false;
                      });
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ClientStop) {
  std::atomic_size_t count{4};
  std::vector<std::thread> threads;

  for (auto i = count.load(); i != 0; --i) {
    threads.emplace_back([&]() {
      auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-cancel",
                          [&](const char *, uint64_t) { return true; });

      --count;

      ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
      EXPECT_TRUE(res.error() == Error::Canceled ||
                  res.error() == Error::Read || res.error() == Error::Write);
    });
  }

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
  while (count != 0) {
    cli_.stop();
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
  }
  for (auto &t : threads) {
    t.join();
  }
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange1) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         make_range_header({{3, 5}}),
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("3", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 3-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("def"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         make_range_header({{1, -1}}),
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 1-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("bcdefg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange3) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         make_range_header({{0, 0}}),
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("1", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 0-0/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("a"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange4) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         make_range_header({{-1, 2}}),
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("2", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 5-6/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("fg"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange5) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                         make_range_header({{0, 5}}),
                                         {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                     });
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ("bytes 0-5/7", res->get_header_value("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("abcdef"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeOffsetGreaterThanContent) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{{make_range_header({{10000, 20000}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipart) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("267", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(267U, res->body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipartOffsetGreaterThanContent) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{-1, 2}, {10000, 30000}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeCustomizedResponse) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range-customized-response",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 2}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(JSON_DATA, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipartCustomizedResponseMultipleRange) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range-customized-response",
                      Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Range"));
  EXPECT_EQ(JSON_DATA, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, Issue1772) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/issue1772", Headers{{make_range_header({{1000, -1}})}});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, Issue609) {
  auto res = cli_.Delete("/issue609");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("ok"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunked) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunked2) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked2");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunkedWithTrailer) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked-with-trailer");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);

  EXPECT_TRUE(res->has_header("Trailer"));
  EXPECT_EQ(1U, res->get_header_value_count("Trailer"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Dummy1, Dummy2"), res->get_header_value("Trailer"));

  // Trailers are now stored separately from headers (security fix)
  EXPECT_EQ(2U, res->trailers.size());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->has_trailer("Dummy1"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->has_trailer("Dummy2"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_trailer("Dummy3"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("DummyVal1"), res->get_trailer_value("Dummy1"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("DummyVal2"), res->get_trailer_value("Dummy2"));

  // Verify trailers are NOT in headers (security verification)
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), res->get_header_value("Dummy1"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), res->get_header_value("Dummy2"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, LargeChunkedPost) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "POST";
  req.path = "/large-chunked";

  std::string host_and_port;
  host_and_port += HOST;
  host_and_port += ":";
  host_and_port += std::to_string(PORT);

  req.headers.emplace("Host", host_and_port.c_str());
  req.headers.emplace("Accept", "*/*");
  req.headers.emplace("User-Agent", "cpp-httplib/0.1");
  req.headers.emplace("Content-Type", "text/plain");
  req.headers.emplace("Content-Length", "0");
  req.headers.emplace("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked");

  std::string long_string(30 * 1024u, 'a');
  std::string chunk = "7800\r\n" + long_string + "\r\n";

  // Attempt to make a large enough post to exceed OS buffers, to test that
  // the server handles short reads if the full chunk data isn't available.
  req.body = chunk + chunk + chunk + chunk + chunk + chunk + "0\r\n\r\n";

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto ret = cli_.send(req, *res, error);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodRemoteAddr) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/remote_addr");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body == "::1" || res->body == "127.0.0.1");
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetMethodLocalAddr) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/local_addr");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body == std::string("::1:").append(to_string(PORT)) ||
              res->body == std::string("127.0.0.1:").append(to_string(PORT)));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HTTPResponseSplitting) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/http_response_splitting");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, SlowRequest) {
  request_threads_.emplace_back([this]() { auto res = cli_.Get("/slow"); });
  request_threads_.emplace_back([this]() { auto res = cli_.Get("/slow"); });
  request_threads_.emplace_back([this]() { auto res = cli_.Get("/slow"); });
}

#if 0
TEST_F(ServerTest, SlowPost) {
  char buffer[64 * 1024];
  memset(buffer, 0x42, sizeof(buffer));

  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/slowpost", 64 * 1024 * 1024,
      [&](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        auto ret = sink.write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, SlowPostFail) {
  char buffer[64 * 1024];
  memset(buffer, 0x42, sizeof(buffer));

  cli_.set_write_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(0));
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/slowpost", 64 * 1024 * 1024,
      [&](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Write, res.error());
}
#endif

TEST_F(ServerTest, Put) {
  auto res = cli_.Put("/put", "PUT", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProvider) {
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put", 3,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithContentProviderAbort) {
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post", 42,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink & /*sink*/) {
        return false;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithoutLength) {
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put",
      [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        sink.done();
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithContentProviderWithoutLengthAbort) {
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post", [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink & /*sink*/) { return false; },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostLoopBack) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post-loopback", 9,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
        EXPECT_EQ(9u, length);
        sink.write("123", 3);
        sink.write("456", 3);
        sink.write("789", 3);
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain",
      [&body](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789", body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutLoopBack) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put-loopback", 9,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
        EXPECT_EQ(9u, length);
        sink.write("123", 3);
        sink.write("456", 3);
        sink.write("789", 3);
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain",
      [&body](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789", body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PatchLoopBack) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Patch(
      "/patch-loopback", 9,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
        EXPECT_EQ(9u, length);
        sink.write("123", 3);
        sink.write("456", 3);
        sink.write("789", 3);
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain",
      [&body](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789", body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostLoopBackWithoutRequestContentLength) {
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post-loopback",
      [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.write("123", 3);
        sink.write("456", 3);
        sink.write("789", 3);
        sink.done();
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain",
      [&body](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789", body);
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithGzip) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put", 3,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithContentProviderWithGzipAbort) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post", 42,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink & /*sink*/) {
        return false;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithoutLengthWithGzip) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put",
      [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        sink.done();
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithContentProviderWithoutLengthWithGzipAbort) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post(
      "/post", [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink & /*sink*/) { return false; },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutLargeFileWithGzip) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put("/put-large", LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(LARGE_DATA, res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutLargeFileWithGzip2) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  std::string s = std::string("https://") + HOST + ":" + std::to_string(PORT);
  Client cli(s.c_str());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#else
  std::string s = std::string("http://") + HOST + ":" + std::to_string(PORT);
  Client cli(s.c_str());
#endif
  cli.set_compress(true);

  auto res = cli.Put("/put-large", LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(LARGE_DATA, res->body);
  // The compressed size should be less than a 10th of the original. May vary
  // depending on the zlib library.
  EXPECT_LT(res.get_request_header_value_u64("Content-Length"),
            static_cast<uint64_t>(10 * 1024 * 1024));
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
  EXPECT_EQ("br", res.get_request_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT)
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res.get_request_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
#elif defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT)
  EXPECT_EQ("zstd", res.get_request_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
#endif
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutContentWithDeflate) {
  cli_.set_compress(false);
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Content-Encoding", "deflate");
  // PUT in deflate format:
  auto res = cli_.Put("/put", headers,
                      "\170\234\013\010\015\001\0\001\361\0\372", "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunkedWithGzip) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunkedWithGzip2) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked2", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, SplitDelimiterInPathRegex) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/regex-with-delimiter?key=^(?.*(value))");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(GzipDecompressor, ChunkedDecompression) {
  std::string data;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 32 * 1024; ++i) {
    data.push_back(static_cast<char>('a' + i % 26));
  }

  std::string compressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::gzip_compressor compressor;
    bool result = compressor.compress(
        data.data(), data.size(),
        /*last=*/true,
        [&](const char *compressed_data_chunk, size_t compressed_data_size) {
          compressed_data.insert(compressed_data.size(), compressed_data_chunk,
                                 compressed_data_size);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  }

  std::string decompressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::gzip_decompressor decompressor;

    // Chunk size is chosen specifically to have a decompressed chunk size equal
    // to 16384 bytes 16384 bytes is the size of decompressor output buffer
    size_t chunk_size = 130;
    for (size_t chunk_begin = 0; chunk_begin < compressed_data.size();
         chunk_begin += chunk_size) {
      size_t current_chunk_size =
          std::min(compressed_data.size() - chunk_begin, chunk_size);
      bool result = decompressor.decompress(
          compressed_data.data() + chunk_begin, current_chunk_size,
          [&](const char *decompressed_data_chunk,
              size_t decompressed_data_chunk_size) {
            decompressed_data.insert(decompressed_data.size(),
                                     decompressed_data_chunk,
                                     decompressed_data_chunk_size);
            return true;
          });
      ASSERT_TRUE(result);
    }
  }
  ASSERT_EQ(data, decompressed_data);
}

TEST(GzipDecompressor, DeflateDecompression) {
  std::string original_text = "Raw deflate without gzip";
  unsigned char data[32] = {0x78, 0x9C, 0x0B, 0x4A, 0x2C, 0x57, 0x48, 0x49,
                            0x4D, 0xCB, 0x49, 0x2C, 0x49, 0x55, 0x28, 0xCF,
                            0x2C, 0xC9, 0xC8, 0x2F, 0x2D, 0x51, 0x48, 0xAF,
                            0xCA, 0x2C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x98, 0x09, 0x2E};
  std::string compressed_data(data, data + sizeof(data) / sizeof(data[0]));

  std::string decompressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::gzip_decompressor decompressor;

    bool result = decompressor.decompress(
        compressed_data.data(), compressed_data.size(),
        [&](const char *decompressed_data_chunk,
            size_t decompressed_data_chunk_size) {
          decompressed_data.insert(decompressed_data.size(),
                                   decompressed_data_chunk,
                                   decompressed_data_chunk_size);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  }
  ASSERT_EQ(original_text, decompressed_data);
}

TEST(GzipDecompressor, DeflateDecompressionTrailingBytes) {
  std::string original_text = "Raw deflate without gzip";
  unsigned char data[40] = {0x78, 0x9C, 0x0B, 0x4A, 0x2C, 0x57, 0x48, 0x49,
                            0x4D, 0xCB, 0x49, 0x2C, 0x49, 0x55, 0x28, 0xCF,
                            0x2C, 0xC9, 0xC8, 0x2F, 0x2D, 0x51, 0x48, 0xAF,
                            0xCA, 0x2C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x98, 0x09, 0x2E,
                            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
  std::string compressed_data(data, data + sizeof(data) / sizeof(data[0]));

  std::string decompressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::gzip_decompressor decompressor;

    bool result = decompressor.decompress(
        compressed_data.data(), compressed_data.size(),
        [&](const char *decompressed_data_chunk,
            size_t decompressed_data_chunk_size) {
          decompressed_data.insert(decompressed_data.size(),
                                   decompressed_data_chunk,
                                   decompressed_data_chunk_size);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  }
  ASSERT_EQ(original_text, decompressed_data);
}

#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunkedWithBrotli) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "br");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedChunkedWithBrotli2) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "br");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-chunked2", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithBrotli) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put", 3,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithoutLengthWithBrotli) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put",
      [](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        sink.done();
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutLargeFileWithBrotli) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put("/put-large", LARGE_DATA, "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(LARGE_DATA, res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("br", res.get_request_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
}
#endif

TEST_F(ServerTest, Patch) {
  auto res = cli_.Patch("/patch", "PATCH", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PATCH", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, Delete) {
  auto res = cli_.Delete("/delete");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("DELETE", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, DeleteContentReceiver) {
  auto res = cli_.Delete("/delete-body", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("content", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, Options) {
  auto res = cli_.Options("*");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS", res->get_header_value("Allow"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.empty());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, URL) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/request-target?aaa=bbb&ccc=ddd");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ArrayParam) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/array-param?array=value1&array=value2&array=value3");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ArrayParamValues) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Get("/array-param-values?array=value1&array=value2&array=value3");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, NoMultipleHeaders) {
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Length", "5"}};
  auto res = cli_.Post("/validate-no-multiple-headers", headers, "hello",
                       "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostContentReceiver) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/content_receiver", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("content", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMultipartFileContentReceiver) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"text1", "text default", "", ""},
      {"text2", "aωb", "", ""},
      {"file1", "h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", "hello.txt", "text/plain"},
      {"file2", R"({\n  "world": true\n}\n)", "world.json", "application/json"},
      {"file3", "", "", "application/octet-stream"},
  };

  auto res = cli_.Post("/content_receiver", items);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostMultipartPlusBoundary) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"text1", "text default", "", ""},
      {"text2", "aωb", "", ""},
      {"file1", "h\ne\n\nl\nl\no\n", "hello.txt", "text/plain"},
      {"file2", R"({\n  "world": true\n}\n)", "world.json", "application/json"},
      {"file3", "", "", "application/octet-stream"},
  };

  auto boundary = std::string("+++++");

  std::string body;

  for (const auto &item : items) {
    body += "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
    body += "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + item.name + "\"";
    if (!item.filename.empty()) {
      body += "; filename=\"" + item.filename + "\"";
    }
    body += "\r\n";
    if (!item.content_type.empty()) {
      body += "Content-Type: " + item.content_type + "\r\n";
    }
    body += "\r\n";
    body += item.content + "\r\n";
  }
  body += "--" + boundary + "--\r\n";

  std::string content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary;
  auto res = cli_.Post("/content_receiver", body, content_type.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, FieldEscaping) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                        const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> received;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          received.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          received.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });

    // '"', CR and LF in names and filenames are escaped following the
    // WHATWG HTML standard, so each part still parses as a single part
    // with no injected headers. Content types get CR/LF escaped too,
    // while '"' (legal there, e.g. quoted charset) is preserved.
    ASSERT_EQ(4U, received.size());

    EXPECT_EQ("na%22me", received[0].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("quoted name", received[0].content);

    EXPECT_EQ("file", received[1].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("evil%0D%0AContent-Type: text/evil%0D%0A%0D%0A.pdf",
              received[1].filename);
    EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", received[1].content_type);
    EXPECT_EQ("injected", received[1].content);

    EXPECT_EQ("my%0Dna%0Ame", received[2].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("my%22file.txt", received[2].filename);
    EXPECT_EQ("cr lf name", received[2].content);

    EXPECT_EQ("typed", received[3].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("text/plain; charset=\"utf-8\"%0D%0AX-Evil: 1",
              received[3].content_type);
    EXPECT_EQ("typed content", received[3].content);
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", port);

  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"na\"me", "quoted name", "", ""},
      {"file", "injected", "evil\r\nContent-Type: text/evil\r\n\r\n.pdf",
       "application/octet-stream"},
      {"my\rna\nme", "cr lf name", "my\"file.txt", "text/plain"},
      {"typed", "typed content", "",
       "text/plain; charset=\"utf-8\"\r\nX-Evil: 1"},
  };

  auto res = cli.Post("/post", items);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PublicWriterAPI) {
  const UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"name1", "Content 1", "", ""},
      {"name2", "Content 2", "file2.txt", "text/plain"},
  };

  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                        const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> received;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          received.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          received.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_EQ(2U, received.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("name1", received[0].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("Content 1", received[0].content);
    EXPECT_EQ("name2", received[1].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("Content 2", received[1].content);
    EXPECT_EQ("file2.txt", received[1].filename);
    EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", received[1].content_type);
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", port);

  // Whole-body serialization with a generated boundary
  {
    MultipartFormDataWriter writer;
    EXPECT_TRUE(is_valid_multipart_boundary(writer.boundary()));
    EXPECT_EQ("multipart/form-data; boundary=" + writer.boundary(),
              writer.content_type());

    auto body = writer.serialize(items);
    EXPECT_EQ(body.size(), writer.content_length(items));

    auto res = cli.Post("/post", body, writer.content_type());
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  // Per-part framing with a custom boundary via a content provider
  {
    EXPECT_FALSE(is_valid_multipart_boundary("bad boundary"));
    ASSERT_TRUE(is_valid_multipart_boundary("custom-boundary_123"));

    MultipartFormDataWriter writer("custom-boundary_123");
    EXPECT_EQ("custom-boundary_123", writer.boundary());

    std::string body;
    for (const auto &item : items) {
      body += writer.item_begin(item);
      body += item.content;
      body += MultipartFormDataWriter::item_end();
    }
    body += writer.finish();
    EXPECT_EQ(body.size(), writer.content_length(items));

    auto res = cli.Post(
        "/post", body.size(),
        [&](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
          sink.write(body.data() + offset, length);
          return true;
        },
        writer.content_type());
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostContentReceiverGzip) {
  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post("/content_receiver", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("content", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutContentReceiver) {
  auto res = cli_.Put("/content_receiver", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("content", res->body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PatchContentReceiver) {
  auto res = cli_.Patch("/content_receiver", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ("content", res->body);
}

template <typename ClientType>
void TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiver(
    ClientType &cli,
    std::function<Result(ClientType &, const std::string &, const Headers &,
                         const std::string &, const std::string &,
                         ContentReceiver, DownloadProgress)>
        request_func) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("X-Custom-Header", "test-value");

  std::string received_body;
  auto res = request_func(
      cli, "/content_receiver", headers, "content", "application/json",
      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        received_body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      },
      nullptr);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("content", received_body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithHeadersAndContentReceiver) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiver<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Post(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithHeadersAndContentReceiver) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiver<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Put(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PatchWithHeadersAndContentReceiver) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiver<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Patch(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

template <typename ClientType>
void TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress(
    ClientType &cli,
    std::function<Result(ClientType &, const std::string &, const Headers &,
                         const std::string &, const std::string &,
                         ContentReceiver, DownloadProgress)>
        request_func) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("X-Test-Header", "progress-test");

  std::string received_body;
  auto progress_called = false;

  auto res = request_func(
      cli, "/content_receiver", headers, "content", "text/plain",
      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        received_body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      },
      [&](uint64_t /*current*/, uint64_t /*total*/) {
        progress_called = true;
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("content", received_body);
  EXPECT_TRUE(progress_called);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Post(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Put(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PatchWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverWithProgress<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver, DownloadProgress progress) {
        return cli.Patch(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver, progress);
      });
}

template <typename ClientType>
void TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError(
    ClientType &cli, std::function<Result(ClientType &, const std::string &,
                                          const Headers &, const std::string &,
                                          const std::string &, ContentReceiver)>
                         request_func) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("X-Error-Test", "true");

  std::string received_body;
  auto receiver_failed = false;

  auto res =
      request_func(cli, "/content_receiver", headers, "content", "text/plain",
                   [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                     received_body.append(data, data_length);
                     receiver_failed = true;
                     return false;
                   });

  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_TRUE(receiver_failed);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver) {
        return cli.Post(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PuttWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver) {
        return cli.Put(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PatchWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  using ClientT = SSLClient;
#else
  using ClientT = Client;
#endif
  TestWithHeadersAndContentReceiverError<ClientT>(
      cli_, [](ClientT &cli, const std::string &path, const Headers &headers,
               const std::string &body, const std::string &content_type,
               ContentReceiver receiver) {
        return cli.Patch(path, headers, body, content_type, receiver);
      });
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PostQueryStringAndBody) {
  auto res =
      cli_.Post("/query-string-and-body?key=value", "content", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, HTTP2Magic) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "PRI";
  req.path = "*";
  req.body = "SM";

  auto res = std::make_shared<Response>();
  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto ret = cli_.send(req, *res, error);

  ASSERT_TRUE(ret);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, KeepAlive) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);

  res = cli_.Get("/not-exist");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  res = cli_.Post("/empty", "", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("empty", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));

  res = cli_.Post(
      "/empty", 0, [&](size_t, size_t, DataSink &) { return true; },
      "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("empty", res->body);

  cli_.set_keep_alive(false);
  res = cli_.Get("/last-request");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, TooManyRedirect) {
  cli_.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res = cli_.Get("/redirect/0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::ExceedRedirectCount, res.error());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, BadRequestLineCancelsKeepAlive) {
  Request req;
  req.method = "FOOBAR";
  req.path = "/hi";

  cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
  auto res = cli_.send(req);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("close", res->get_header_value("Connection"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, StartTime) { auto res = cli_.Get("/test-start-time"); }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
TEST_F(ServerTest, Gzip) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("33", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GzipWithContentTypeParameters) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress-with-charset", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("application/json; charset=utf-8",
            res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GzipWithoutAcceptEncoding) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding").empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GzipWithContentReceiver) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("33", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GzipWithoutDecompressing) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");

  cli_.set_decompress(false);
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("33", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(33U, res->body.size());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, GzipWithContentReceiverWithoutAcceptEncoding) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "");

  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding").empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, NoGzip) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, NoGzipWithContentReceiver) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate");
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, MultipartFormDataGzip) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"key1", "test", "", ""},
      {"key2", "--abcdefg123", "", ""},
  };

  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post("/compress-multipart", items);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
TEST_F(ServerTest, Brotli) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "br");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("br", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("19", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
TEST_F(ServerTest, Zstd) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("zstd", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ZstdWithoutAcceptEncoding) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding").empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ZstdWithContentReceiver) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("zstd", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ZstdWithoutDecompressing) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");

  cli_.set_decompress(false);
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  unsigned char compressed[26] = {0x28, 0xb5, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0x20, 0x64, 0x8d,
                                  0x00, 0x00, 0x50, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34,
                                  0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x30, 0x01,
                                  0x00, 0xd7, 0xa9, 0x20, 0x01};

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ("zstd", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("26", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_EQ(26U, res->body.size());
  EXPECT_TRUE(std::memcmp(compressed, res->body.data(), sizeof(compressed)) ==
              0);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, ZstdWithContentReceiverWithoutAcceptEncoding) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "");

  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding").empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, NoZstd) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");
  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, NoZstdWithContentReceiver) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");
  std::string body;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress", headers,
                      [&](const char *data, uint64_t data_length) {
                        EXPECT_EQ(100U, data_length);
                        body.append(data, data_length);
                        return true;
                      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(false, res->has_header("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("100", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ("123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456"
            "7890123456789012345678901234567890",
            body);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// TODO: How to enable zstd ??
TEST_F(ServerTest, MultipartFormDataZstd) {
  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"key1", "test", "", ""},
      {"key2", "--abcdefg123", "", ""},
  };
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");

  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Post("/compress-multipart", headers, items);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PutWithContentProviderWithZstd) {
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "zstd");

  cli_.set_compress(true);
  auto res = cli_.Put(
      "/put", headers, 3,
      [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.os << "PUT";
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT", res->body);
}

// Pre-compression logging tests
TEST_F(ServerTest, PreCompressionLogging) {
  // Test data for compression (matches the actual /compress endpoint content)
  const std::string test_content =
      "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012"
      "3456789012345678901234567890";

  // Variables to capture logging data
  std::string pre_compression_body;
  std::string pre_compression_content_type;
  std::string pre_compression_content_encoding;

  std::string post_compression_body;
  std::string post_compression_content_type;
  std::string post_compression_content_encoding;

  // Set up pre-compression logger
  svr_.set_pre_compression_logger([&](const Request & /*req*/,
                                      const Response &res) {
    pre_compression_body = res.body;
    pre_compression_content_type = res.get_header_value("Content-Type");
    pre_compression_content_encoding = res.get_header_value("Content-Encoding");
  });

  // Set up post-compression logger
  svr_.set_logger([&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
    post_compression_body = res.body;
    post_compression_content_type = res.get_header_value("Content-Type");
    post_compression_content_encoding =
        res.get_header_value("Content-Encoding");
  });

  // Test with gzip compression
  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  // Verify response was compressed
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));

  // Verify pre-compression logger captured uncompressed content
  EXPECT_EQ(test_content, pre_compression_body);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", pre_compression_content_type);
  EXPECT_TRUE(pre_compression_content_encoding
                  .empty()); // No encoding header before compression

  // Verify post-compression logger captured compressed content
  EXPECT_NE(test_content,
            post_compression_body); // Should be different after compression
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", post_compression_content_type);
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", post_compression_content_encoding);

  // Verify compressed content is smaller
  EXPECT_LT(post_compression_body.size(), pre_compression_body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PreCompressionLoggingWithBrotli) {
  const std::string test_content =
      "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012"
      "3456789012345678901234567890";

  std::string pre_compression_body;
  std::string post_compression_body;

  svr_.set_pre_compression_logger(
      [&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
        pre_compression_body = res.body;
      });

  svr_.set_logger([&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
    post_compression_body = res.body;
  });

  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "br");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("br", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));

  // Verify pre-compression content is uncompressed
  EXPECT_EQ(test_content, pre_compression_body);

  // Verify post-compression content is compressed
  EXPECT_NE(test_content, post_compression_body);
  EXPECT_LT(post_compression_body.size(), pre_compression_body.size());
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PreCompressionLoggingWithoutCompression) {
  const std::string test_content =
      "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012"
      "3456789012345678901234567890";

  std::string pre_compression_body;
  std::string post_compression_body;

  svr_.set_pre_compression_logger(
      [&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
        pre_compression_body = res.body;
      });

  svr_.set_logger([&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
    post_compression_body = res.body;
  });

  // Request without compression (use /nocompress endpoint)
  Headers headers;
  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding").empty());

  // Pre-compression logger should not be called when no compression is applied
  EXPECT_TRUE(
      pre_compression_body.empty()); // Pre-compression logger not called
  EXPECT_EQ(
      test_content,
      post_compression_body); // Post-compression logger captures final content
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, LoggerSeesContentLength) {
  size_t logged_content_length = 0;
  std::string logged_content_length_header;

  svr_.set_logger([&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
    logged_content_length = res.content_length_;
    logged_content_length_header = res.get_header_value("Content-Length");
  });

  auto res = cli_.Get("/nocompress");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(res->body.size(), logged_content_length);
  EXPECT_EQ(std::to_string(logged_content_length),
            logged_content_length_header);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, PreCompressionLoggingOnlyPreLogger) {
  const std::string test_content =
      "123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012"
      "3456789012345678901234567890";

  std::string pre_compression_body;
  bool pre_logger_called = false;

  // Set only pre-compression logger
  svr_.set_pre_compression_logger(
      [&](const Request & /*req*/, const Response &res) {
        pre_compression_body = res.body;
        pre_logger_called = true;
      });

  Headers headers;
  headers.emplace("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");

  auto res = cli_.Get("/compress", headers);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", res->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));

  // Verify pre-compression logger was called
  EXPECT_TRUE(pre_logger_called);
  EXPECT_EQ(test_content, pre_compression_body);
}

TEST_F(ServerTest, SendLargeBodyAfterRequestLineError) {
  {
    // Test with Expect: 100-continue header - success case
    // Server returns 100 Continue, client sends body, server returns 200 OK
    Request req;
    req.method = "POST";
    req.path = "/post-large";
    req.set_header("Expect", "100-continue");
    req.body = LARGE_DATA;

    Response res;
    auto error = Error::Success;

    cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
    auto ret = cli_.send(req, res, error);

    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res.status);
    EXPECT_EQ(LARGE_DATA, res.body);
  }

  {
    // Test with Expect: 100-continue header - error case
    // Client should not send the body when server returns an error
    Request req;
    req.method = "POST";
    req.path = "/post-large?q=" + LONG_QUERY_VALUE;
    req.set_header("Expect", "100-continue");
    req.body = LARGE_DATA;

    Response res;
    auto error = Error::Success;

    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    cli_.set_keep_alive(true);
    auto ret = cli_.send(req, res, error);
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto elapsed =
        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start)
            .count();

    // With Expect: 100-continue, request completes successfully but with error
    EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::UriTooLong_414, res.status);
    EXPECT_EQ("close", res.get_header_value("Connection"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(cli_.is_socket_open());
    EXPECT_LE(elapsed, 2000);
  }

  {
    // Send an extra GET request to ensure error recovery without hanging
    Request req;
    req.method = "GET";
    req.path = "/hi";

    auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    auto res = cli_.send(req);
    auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

    auto elapsed =
        std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start)
            .count();

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
    EXPECT_LE(elapsed, 500);
  }
}

TEST(ZstdDecompressor, ChunkedDecompression) {
  std::string data;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < 32 * 1024; ++i) {
    data.push_back(static_cast<char>('a' + i % 26));
  }

  std::string compressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::zstd_compressor compressor;
    bool result = compressor.compress(
        data.data(), data.size(),
        /*last=*/true,
        [&](const char *compressed_data_chunk, size_t compressed_data_size) {
          compressed_data.insert(compressed_data.size(), compressed_data_chunk,
                                 compressed_data_size);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  }

  std::string decompressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::zstd_decompressor decompressor;

    // Chunk size is chosen specifically to have a decompressed chunk size equal
    // to 16384 bytes 16384 bytes is the size of decompressor output buffer
    size_t chunk_size = 130;
    for (size_t chunk_begin = 0; chunk_begin < compressed_data.size();
         chunk_begin += chunk_size) {
      size_t current_chunk_size =
          std::min(compressed_data.size() - chunk_begin, chunk_size);
      bool result = decompressor.decompress(
          compressed_data.data() + chunk_begin, current_chunk_size,
          [&](const char *decompressed_data_chunk,
              size_t decompressed_data_chunk_size) {
            decompressed_data.insert(decompressed_data.size(),
                                     decompressed_data_chunk,
                                     decompressed_data_chunk_size);
            return true;
          });
      ASSERT_TRUE(result);
    }
  }
  ASSERT_EQ(data, decompressed_data);
}

TEST(ZstdDecompressor, Decompress) {
  std::string original_text = "Compressed with ZSTD";
  unsigned char data[29] = {0x28, 0xb5, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0x20, 0x14, 0xa1, 0x00,
                            0x00, 0x43, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x72, 0x65, 0x73,
                            0x73, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x77, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68,
                            0x20, 0x5a, 0x53, 0x54, 0x44};
  std::string compressed_data(data, data + sizeof(data) / sizeof(data[0]));

  std::string decompressed_data;
  {
    httplib::detail::zstd_decompressor decompressor;

    bool result = decompressor.decompress(
        compressed_data.data(), compressed_data.size(),
        [&](const char *decompressed_data_chunk,
            size_t decompressed_data_chunk_size) {
          decompressed_data.insert(decompressed_data.size(),
                                   decompressed_data_chunk,
                                   decompressed_data_chunk_size);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  }
  ASSERT_EQ(original_text, decompressed_data);
}
#endif

// Sends a raw request to a server listening at HOST:PORT.
static bool send_request(time_t read_timeout_sec, const std::string &req,
                         std::string *resp = nullptr) {
  auto error = Error::Success;

  auto client_sock = detail::create_client_socket(
      HOST, "", PORT, AF_UNSPEC, false, false, nullptr,
      /*connection_timeout_sec=*/5, 0,
      /*read_timeout_sec=*/5, 0,
      /*write_timeout_sec=*/5, 0, std::string(), error);

  if (client_sock == INVALID_SOCKET) { return false; }

  auto ret = detail::process_client_socket(
      client_sock, read_timeout_sec, 0, 0, 0, 0,
      std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point::min(), [&](Stream &strm) {
        if (req.size() !=
            static_cast<size_t>(strm.write(req.data(), req.size()))) {
          return false;
        }

        char buf[512];

        detail::stream_line_reader line_reader(strm, buf, sizeof(buf));
        while (line_reader.getline()) {
          if (resp) { *resp += line_reader.ptr(); }
        }
        return true;
      });

  detail::close_socket(client_sock);

  return ret;
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, TrimWhitespaceFromHeaderValues) {
  Server svr;
  std::string header_value;
  svr.Get("/validate-ws-in-headers", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    header_value = req.get_header_value("foo");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Only space and horizontal tab are whitespace. Make sure other whitespace-
  // like characters are not treated the same - use vertical tab and escape.
  const std::string req = "GET /validate-ws-in-headers HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                          "foo: \t \v bar \x1B\t \r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));
  EXPECT_EQ(header_value, "");
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", res.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerResponseSplittingTest, ChunkedTrailerCRLFInjection) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/injected-trailer", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    auto i = new int(0);
    res.set_header("Trailer", "X-Safe, X-Reflected");
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/plain",
        [i](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
          if (*i == 0) {
            sink.os << "body";
          } else {
            Headers trailer;
            // A valid trailer that must survive.
            trailer.emplace("X-Safe", "safe");
            // Attacker-controlled value carrying CR/LF (response splitting).
            trailer.emplace("X-Reflected",
                            "legit\r\nInjected-Header: pwned\r\nX-Evil: also");
            // Attacker-controlled name carrying CR/LF.
            trailer.emplace("X-Bad\r\nSet-Cookie: a=1", "x");
            sink.done_with_trailer(trailer);
          }
          (*i)++;
          return true;
        },
        [i](bool /*success*/) { delete i; });
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = std::string("GET /injected-trailer HTTP/1.1\r\n") +
                          "Host: " + HOST +
                          "\r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));

  // The injected fields must not appear anywhere in the raw response.
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("Injected-Header"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Evil"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("Set-Cookie"));

  // Invalid trailers are dropped entirely, matching set_header().
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Reflected:"));

  // The valid trailer still passes through.
  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Safe: safe"));
}

TEST(ServerResponseSplittingTest, ResponseHeaderCRLFInjection) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/injected-header", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    // res.headers is a public field an application can populate directly,
    // bypassing set_header()'s validation (e.g. reflecting a request value).
    // A valid header that must survive.
    res.headers.emplace("X-Safe", "safe");
    // Attacker-controlled value carrying CR/LF (response splitting).
    res.headers.emplace("X-Reflected",
                        "legit\r\nInjected-Header: pwned\r\nX-Evil: also");
    // Attacker-controlled name carrying CR/LF.
    res.headers.emplace("X-Bad\r\nSet-Cookie: a=1", "x");
    res.set_content("body", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = std::string("GET /injected-header HTTP/1.1\r\n") +
                          "Host: " + HOST +
                          "\r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));

  // The injected fields must not appear anywhere in the raw response.
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("Injected-Header"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Evil"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("Set-Cookie"));

  // Invalid headers are dropped entirely, matching set_header().
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Reflected:"));

  // The valid header still passes through.
  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, res.find("X-Safe: safe"));
}

// Forward declaration: in split builds split.py strips `inline` and moves the
// definition into httplib.cc, so detail::write_request_line is not visible from
// the public httplib.h. Re-declaring it here lets the tests link against the
// symbol in both header-only and split builds.
namespace httplib {
namespace detail {
ssize_t write_request_line(Stream &strm, const std::string &method,
                           const std::string &path);
} // namespace detail
} // namespace httplib

TEST(RequestLineInjectionTest, RejectsCRLFInTarget) {
  // A well-formed target is written verbatim.
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    auto n = detail::write_request_line(strm, "GET", "/path?a=b");
    EXPECT_GT(n, 0);
    EXPECT_EQ("GET /path?a=b HTTP/1.1\r\n", strm.get_buffer());
  }

  // A target carrying CR/LF must be rejected before anything reaches the wire,
  // otherwise it splits the request line and injects a header or a whole
  // request. This is what a decoded redirect Location ("%0D%0A") turns into
  // when path encoding is disabled.
  const std::string evil_targets[] = {
      "/a\r\nInjected: pwned",
      "/a\rInjected",
      "/a\nInjected",
      "/a\r\n\r\nGET /evil HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: victim\r\n\r\n",
  };
  for (const auto &evil : evil_targets) {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    auto n = detail::write_request_line(strm, "GET", evil);
    EXPECT_LT(n, 0);
    EXPECT_TRUE(strm.get_buffer().empty());
  }
}

TEST(RequestLineInjectionTest, ClientRejectsCRLFTargetEndToEnd) {
  // End-to-end counterpart to RejectsCRLFInTarget. With path encoding disabled
  // the client transmits the target verbatim, so a CR/LF-bearing target -- what
  // a redirect Location "%0D%0A" decodes to -- reaches write_request. The
  // client must fail cleanly with Error::Write instead of putting a
  // request-line-less, header-injecting request on the wire.
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/a", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_path_encode(false);
    // The request is rejected before anything is written, so the connection
    // stays silent and the subsequent response read would otherwise block for
    // the full default read timeout. Shorten it -- the assertion is on the
    // error, not the timeout.
    cli.set_read_timeout(1, 0);

    auto res = cli.Get("/a\r\nInjected: pwned");
    EXPECT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Write, res.error());
  }
}

// Sends a raw request and verifies that there isn't a crash or exception.
static void test_raw_request(const std::string &req,
                             std::string *out = nullptr) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/hi", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });
  svr.Put("/put_hi", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });
  svr.Get("/header_field_value_check",
          [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
            res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
          });

  // Server read timeout must be longer than the client read timeout for the
  // bug to reproduce, probably to force the server to process a request
  // without a trailing blank line.
  const time_t client_read_timeout_sec = 1;
  svr.set_read_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(client_read_timeout_sec + 1));
  bool listen_thread_ok = false;
  thread t = thread([&] { listen_thread_ok = svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    EXPECT_TRUE(listen_thread_ok);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(client_read_timeout_sec, req, out));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, ReadHeadersRegexComplexity) {
  // A certain header line causes an exception if the header property is parsed
  // naively with a single regex. This occurs with libc++ but not libstdc++.
  test_raw_request(
      "GET /hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
      " :                                                                      "
      "                                                                      "
      " ");
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, ReadHeadersRegexComplexity2) {
  // A certain header line causes an exception if the header property *name* is
  // parsed with a regular expression starting with "(.+?):" - this is a non-
  // greedy matcher and requires backtracking when there are a lot of ":"
  // characters.
  // This occurs with libc++ but not libstdc++.
  test_raw_request(
      "GET /hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
      ":-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&"
      "--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&"
      "&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-:::::"
      "::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::::"
      ":::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::"
      "::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&--:::::::-::::::::::::::::::::::"
      ":::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::"
      "::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-"
      "&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::"
      ":@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::"
      "::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::@-&&"
      "&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@"
      "::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&"
      "--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&"
      "&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&"
      "&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&"
      "&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@"
      "-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::"
      "::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::"
      ":::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-::::::"
      ":::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::"
      "::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-"
      ":::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&---&&:&"
      "&&.0------------:-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::@-"
      "&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::::::::::::::"
      ":@-&&&&&&&&&&&--:::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::"
      "::::@-&&&&&&&&&&&---&&:&&&.0------------O--------\rH PUTHTTP/1.1\r\n"
      "&&&%%%");
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, ExcessiveWhitespaceInUnparsableHeaderLine) {
  // Make sure this doesn't crash the server.
  // In a previous version of the header line regex, the "\r" rendered the line
  // unparsable and the regex engine repeatedly backtracked, trying to look for
  // a new position where the leading white space ended and the field value
  // began.
  // The crash occurs with libc++ but not libstdc++.
  test_raw_request("GET /hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "a:" +
                   std::string(2000, ' ') + '\r' + std::string(20, 'z') +
                   "\r\n"
                   "\r\n");
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidFirstChunkLengthInRequest) {
  std::string out;

  test_raw_request("PUT /put_hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
                   "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                   "\r\n"
                   "nothex\r\n",
                   &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidSecondChunkLengthInRequest) {
  std::string out;

  test_raw_request("PUT /put_hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
                   "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                   "\r\n"
                   "3\r\n"
                   "xyz\r\n"
                   "NaN\r\n",
                   &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, ChunkLengthTooHighInRequest) {
  std::string out;

  test_raw_request("PUT /put_hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
                   "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                   "\r\n"
                   // Length is too large for 64 bits.
                   "1ffffffffffffffff\r\n"
                   "xyz\r\n",
                   &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidHeaderTextWithExtraCR) {
  test_raw_request("GET /hi HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n\r");
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidSpaceInURL) {
  std::string out;
  test_raw_request("GET /h i HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n", &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, RemoteAddrSetOnBadRequest) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_error_handler([&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(!req.remote_addr.empty());
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Send an invalid request line to trigger Bad Request
  const std::string bad_req = "BADMETHOD / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n";
  std::string out;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, bad_req, &out));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidFieldValueContains_CR_LF_NUL) {
  std::string out;
  std::string request(
      "GET /header_field_value_check HTTP/1.1\r\nTest: [\r\x00\n]\r\n\r\n", 55);
  test_raw_request(request, &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidFieldValueContains_LF) {
  std::string out;
  std::string request(
      "GET /header_field_value_check HTTP/1.1\r\nTest: [\n\n\n]\r\n\r\n", 55);
  test_raw_request(request, &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, InvalidFieldNameContains_PreceedingSpaces) {
  std::string out;
  std::string request(
      "GET /header_field_value_check HTTP/1.1\r\n  Test: val\r\n\r\n", 55);
  test_raw_request(request, &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request", out.substr(0, 24));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, EmptyFieldValue) {
  std::string out;

  test_raw_request("GET /header_field_value_check HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                   "Test: \r\n\r\n",
                   &out);
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", out.substr(0, 15));
}

TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, HeaderValueNotPercentDecoded) {
  Server svr;
  std::string x_custom;
  std::string cookie;
  std::string xff;
  std::string x_unicode;
  std::string x_iis;

  svr.Get("/check", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    x_custom = req.get_header_value("X-Custom");
    cookie = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
    xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    x_unicode = req.get_header_value("X-Unicode");
    x_iis = req.get_header_value("X-IIS");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = "GET /check HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                          "Host: localhost\r\n"
                          "X-Custom: a%0D%0AInjected: b\r\n"
                          "Cookie: session%3Dvictim%3B%20admin%3Dyes\r\n"
                          "X-Forwarded-For: 1.2.3.4%2C5.6.7.8\r\n"
                          "X-Unicode: %E3%81%82\r\n"
                          "X-IIS: %u00E9\r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", res.substr(0, 15));

  // Every value must be returned verbatim (wire form), with no decoding.
  EXPECT_EQ("a%0D%0AInjected: b", x_custom);
  EXPECT_EQ("session%3Dvictim%3B%20admin%3Dyes", cookie);
  EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4%2C5.6.7.8", xff);
  EXPECT_EQ("%E3%81%82", x_unicode);
  EXPECT_EQ("%u00E9", x_iis);
}

// Applications that previously relied on automatic percent-decoding can
// reproduce the old behavior by explicitly calling decode_path_component()
// or, for RFC 3986 conformance, decode_uri_component().
TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, HeaderValueExplicitDecodingByApplication) {
  Server svr;
  std::string decoded;

  svr.Get("/check", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    decoded = decode_uri_component(req.get_header_value("X-Custom"));
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = "GET /check HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                          "Host: localhost\r\n"
                          "X-Custom: hello%20world\r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", res.substr(0, 15));
  EXPECT_EQ("hello world", decoded);
}

// Regression test for #2033. Browsers send Referer values that include
// percent-encoded characters such as %0A inside the URL. Decoding the
// header value would either trip the post-decode CR/LF/NUL guard (the
// original bug, returning 400) or, after that guard was relaxed, silently
// store a literal LF — both unacceptable. The wire form must round-trip.
TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, RefererWithPercentEncodedNewline) {
  Server svr;
  std::string referer;

  svr.Get("/check", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    referer = req.get_header_value("Referer");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = "GET /check HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                          "Host: localhost\r\n"
                          "Referer: http://localhost:1111/?q=Hello%0A\r\n"
                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, req, &res));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", res.substr(0, 15));
  EXPECT_EQ("http://localhost:1111/?q=Hello%0A", referer);
}

TEST(ServerStopTest, StopServerWithChunkedTransmission) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/events", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_header("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          std::string s = "data:";
          s += std::to_string(offset);
          s += "\n\n";
          auto ret = sink.write(s.data(), s.size());
          EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
          return true;
        });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client client(HOST, PORT);
  const Headers headers = {{"Accept", "text/event-stream"}};

  auto get_thread = std::thread([&client, &headers]() {
    auto res = client.Get(
        "/events", headers,
        [](const char * /*data*/, size_t /*len*/) -> bool { return true; });
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    get_thread.join();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  // Give GET time to get a few messages.
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
}

TEST(ServerStopTest, ClientAccessAfterServerDown) {
  httplib::Server svr;
  svr.Post("/hi",
           [&](const httplib::Request & /*req*/, httplib::Response &res) {
             res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
           });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  auto res = cli.Post("/hi", "data", "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  svr.stop();
  thread.join();
  ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());

  res = cli.Post("/hi", "data", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
}

TEST(ServerStopTest, ListenFailure) {
  Server svr;
  auto t = thread([&]() {
    auto ret = svr.listen("????", PORT);
    EXPECT_FALSE(ret);
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();
  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
TEST(ServerStopTest, Decommision) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/hi", [&](const Request &, Response &res) { res.body = "hi..."; });

  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    auto is_even = !(i % 2);

    std::thread t{[&] {
      try {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));

        if (is_even) {
          throw std::runtime_error("Some thing that happens to go wrong.");
        }

        svr.listen(HOST, PORT);
      } catch (...) { svr.decommission(); }
    }};

    svr.wait_until_ready();

    // Server is up
    {
      Client cli(HOST, PORT);
      auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
      if (is_even) {
        EXPECT_FALSE(res);
      } else {
        EXPECT_TRUE(res);
        EXPECT_EQ("hi...", res->body);
      }
    }

    svr.stop();
    t.join();

    // Server is down...
    {
      Client cli(HOST, PORT);
      auto res = cli.Get("/hi");
      EXPECT_FALSE(res);
    }
  }
}
#endif

// Helper function for string body upload progress tests
template <typename SetupHandler, typename ClientCall>
void TestStringBodyUploadProgress(SetupHandler &&setup_handler,
                                  ClientCall &&client_call,
                                  const string &body) {
  Server svr;
  setup_handler(svr);

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  vector<uint64_t> progress_values;
  bool progress_called = false;

  auto res =
      client_call(cli, body, [&](uint64_t current, uint64_t /*total*/) -> bool {
        progress_values.push_back(current);
        progress_called = true;
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(progress_called);
}

TEST(UploadProgressTest, PostStringBodyBasic) {
  TestStringBodyUploadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Post("/test", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
          res.set_content("received", "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &body, UploadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Post("/test", body, "text/plain", progress_callback);
      },
      "test data for upload progress");
}

TEST(UploadProgressTest, PutStringBodyBasic) {
  TestStringBodyUploadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Put("/test", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
          res.set_content("put received", "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &body, UploadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Put("/test", body, "text/plain", progress_callback);
      },
      "put test data for upload progress");
}

TEST(UploadProgressTest, PatchStringBodyBasic) {
  TestStringBodyUploadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Patch("/test", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
          res.set_content("patch received", "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &body, UploadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Patch("/test", body, "text/plain", progress_callback);
      },
      "patch test data for upload progress");
}

// Helper function for content provider upload progress tests
template <typename SetupHandler, typename ClientCall>
void TestContentProviderUploadProgress(SetupHandler &&setup_handler,
                                       ClientCall &&client_call) {
  Server svr;
  setup_handler(svr);

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  vector<uint64_t> progress_values;

  auto res =
      client_call(cli, [&](uint64_t current, uint64_t /*total*/) -> bool {
        progress_values.push_back(current);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_FALSE(progress_values.empty());
}

TEST(UploadProgressTest, PostContentProviderProgress) {
  TestContentProviderUploadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Post("/test", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
          res.set_content("provider received", "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, UploadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Post(
            "/test", 10,
            [](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) -> bool {
              sink.os << "test data";
              return true;
            },
            "text/plain", progress_callback);
      });
}

// Helper function for multipart upload progress tests
template <typename SetupHandler, typename ClientCall>
void TestMultipartUploadProgress(SetupHandler &&setup_handler,
                                 ClientCall &&client_call,
                                 const string &endpoint) {
  Server svr;
  setup_handler(svr);

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  vector<uint64_t> progress_values;

  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"field1", "value1", "", ""},
      {"field2", "longer value for progress tracking test", "", ""},
      {"file1", "file content data for upload progress", "test.txt",
       "text/plain"}};

  auto res = client_call(cli, endpoint, items,
                         [&](uint64_t current, uint64_t /*total*/) -> bool {
                           progress_values.push_back(current);
                           return true;
                         });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_FALSE(progress_values.empty());
}

TEST(UploadProgressTest, PostMultipartProgress) {
  TestMultipartUploadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Post("/multipart", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
          EXPECT_TRUE(!req.form.files.empty() || !req.form.fields.empty());
          res.set_content("multipart received", "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &endpoint, const UploadFormDataItems &items,
         UploadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Post(endpoint, items, progress_callback);
      },
      "/multipart");
}

// Helper function for basic download progress tests
template <typename SetupHandler, typename ClientCall>
void TestBasicDownloadProgress(SetupHandler &&setup_handler,
                               ClientCall &&client_call, const string &endpoint,
                               size_t expected_content_size) {
  Server svr;
  setup_handler(svr);

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  vector<uint64_t> progress_values;

  auto res = client_call(cli, endpoint,
                         [&](uint64_t current, uint64_t /*total*/) -> bool {
                           progress_values.push_back(current);
                           return true;
                         });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_FALSE(progress_values.empty());
  EXPECT_EQ(expected_content_size, res->body.size());
}

TEST(DownloadProgressTest, GetBasic) {
  TestBasicDownloadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Get("/download", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
          string content(1000, 'D');
          res.set_content(content, "text/plain");
        });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &endpoint,
         DownloadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Get(endpoint, progress_callback);
      },
      "/download", 1000u);
}

// Helper function for content receiver download progress tests
template <typename SetupHandler, typename ClientCall>
void TestContentReceiverDownloadProgress(SetupHandler &&setup_handler,
                                         ClientCall &&client_call,
                                         const string &endpoint,
                                         size_t expected_content_size) {
  Server svr;
  setup_handler(svr);

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  vector<uint64_t> progress_values;
  string received_body;

  auto res = client_call(
      cli, endpoint,
      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) -> bool {
        received_body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      },
      [&](uint64_t current, uint64_t /*total*/) -> bool {
        progress_values.push_back(current);
        return true;
      });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_FALSE(progress_values.empty());
  EXPECT_EQ(expected_content_size, received_body.size());
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->body.empty());
}

TEST(DownloadProgressTest, GetWithContentReceiver) {
  TestContentReceiverDownloadProgress(
      [](Server &svr) {
        svr.Get("/download-receiver",
                [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
                  string content(2000, 'R');
                  res.set_content(content, "text/plain");
                });
      },
      [](Client &cli, const string &endpoint, ContentReceiver content_receiver,
         DownloadProgress progress_callback) {
        return cli.Get(endpoint, content_receiver, progress_callback);
      },
      "/download-receiver", 2000u);
}

TEST(StreamingTest, NoContentLengthStreaming) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/stream", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider("text/plain", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
      if (offset < 6) {
        sink.os << (offset < 3 ? "a" : "b");
      } else {
        sink.done();
      }
      return true;
    });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto listen_se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client client(HOST, PORT);

  auto get_thread = std::thread([&client]() {
    std::string s;
    auto res =
        client.Get("/stream", [&s](const char *data, size_t len) -> bool {
          s += std::string(data, len);
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("aaabbb", s);
  });
  auto get_se = detail::scope_exit([&] { get_thread.join(); });

  // Give GET time to get a few messages.
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
}

TEST(MountTest, Unmount) {
  Server svr;

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  svr.set_mount_point("/mount2", "./www2");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  res = cli.Get("/mount2/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  svr.set_mount_point("/", "./www");

  res = cli.Get("/dir/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  svr.remove_mount_point("/");
  res = cli.Get("/dir/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  svr.remove_mount_point("/mount2");
  res = cli.Get("/mount2/dir/test.html");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
}

TEST(MountTest, Redicect) {
  Server svr;

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.set_mount_point("/", "./www");
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  auto res = cli.Get("/dir/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli.Get("/dir");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);

  res = cli.Get("/file");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  res = cli.Get("/file/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  res = cli.Get("/dir");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MountTest, MultibytesPathName) {
  Server svr;

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.set_mount_point("/", "./www");
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  auto res = cli.Get(U8("/日本語Dir/日本語File.txt"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(U8("日本語コンテンツ"), res->body);
}

#ifdef _WIN32
// Issue #2435: mmap::open() must succeed even when another handle holds
// the file open for writing (e.g. an active log file).
TEST(MmapTest, OpenWhileFileHeldForWriting) {
  const char *path = "mmap_concurrent_writer_test.txt";
  const char *content = "hello";

  {
    std::ofstream f(path, std::ios::binary);
    f.write(content, static_cast<std::streamsize>(strlen(content)));
  }
  auto file_cleanup = detail::scope_exit([&] { std::remove(path); });

  HANDLE writer = ::CreateFileA(path, GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL,
                                OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
  ASSERT_NE(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, writer);
  auto handle_cleanup = detail::scope_exit([&] { ::CloseHandle(writer); });

  detail::mmap m(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(m.is_open());
  EXPECT_EQ(strlen(content), m.size());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, std::memcmp(content, m.data(), strlen(content)));
}
#endif

TEST(KeepAliveTest, ReadTimeout) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/a", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
    res.set_content("a", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Get("/b", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("b", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);
  cli.set_read_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(1));

  auto resa = cli.Get("/a");
  ASSERT_FALSE(resa);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, resa.error());

  auto resb = cli.Get("/b");
  ASSERT_TRUE(resb);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, resb->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("b", resb->body);
}

TEST(KeepAliveTest, MaxCount) {
  size_t keep_alive_max_count = 3;

  Server svr;
  svr.set_keep_alive_max_count(keep_alive_max_count);

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    auto result = cli.Get("/hi");
    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);

    if (i == keep_alive_max_count - 1) {
      EXPECT_EQ("close", result->get_header_value("Connection"));
    } else {
      EXPECT_FALSE(result->has_header("Connection"));
    }
  }
}

TEST(KeepAliveTest, Issue1041) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_keep_alive_timeout(3);

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  auto result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));

  result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);
}

TEST(KeepAliveTest, Issue1959) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_keep_alive_timeout(5);

  svr.Get("/a", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("a", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    if (!svr.is_running()) return;
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  using namespace std::chrono;
  auto start = steady_clock::now();

  cli.Get("/a");

  svr.stop();
  listen_thread.join();

  auto end = steady_clock::now();
  auto elapsed = duration_cast<milliseconds>(end - start).count();

  EXPECT_LT(elapsed, 5000);
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(KeepAliveTest, SSLClientReconnection) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.set_keep_alive_timeout(1);

  svr.Get("/hi", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  auto result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);

  result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  // Recoonect
  result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);

  result = cli.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, result->status);
}

TEST(KeepAliveTest, SSLClientReconnectionPost) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.set_keep_alive_timeout(1);
  std::string content = "reconnect";

  svr.Post("/hi", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  auto result = cli.Post(
      "/hi", content.size(),
      [&content](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.write(content.c_str(), content.size());
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, result->status);

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));

  // Recoonect
  result = cli.Post(
      "/hi", content.size(),
      [&content](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.write(content.c_str(), content.size());
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, result->status);

  result = cli.Post(
      "/hi", content.size(),
      [&content](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
        sink.write(content.c_str(), content.size());
        return true;
      },
      "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, result->status);
}

TEST(SNI_AutoDetectionTest, SNI_Logic) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  {
    SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

    svr.Get("/sni", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      std::string expected = req.sni();
      EXPECT_EQ(expected, req.get_param_value("expected"));
      res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
    });

    auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
    auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
      svr.stop();
      listen_thread.join();
      ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    });

    svr.wait_until_ready();

    {
      SSLClient cli("localhost", PORT);
      cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
      auto res = cli.Get("/sni?expected=localhost");
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    }

    {
      SSLClient cli("::1", PORT);
      cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
      auto res = cli.Get("/sni?expected=");

      // NOTE: This may fail if the server is listening on IPv4 only
      // (e.g., when localhost resolves to 127.0.0.1 only)
      if (res) {
        EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
      } else {
        EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, res.error());
      }
    }
  }
}
#endif

TEST(ClientProblemDetectionTest, ContentProvider) {
  Server svr;

  size_t content_length = 1024 * 1024;

  svr.Get("/hi", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider(
        content_length, "text/plain",
        [&](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
          auto out_len = std::min(length, static_cast<size_t>(1024));
          std::string out(out_len, '@');
          sink.write(out.data(), out_len);
          return offset < 4096;
        },
        [](bool success) { ASSERT_FALSE(success); });
  });

  svr.Get("/empty", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider(
        0, "text/plain",
        [&](size_t /*offset*/, size_t /*length*/, DataSink & /*sink*/) -> bool {
          EXPECT_TRUE(false);
          return true;
        },
        [](bool success) { ASSERT_FALSE(success); });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/hi", [&](const char * /*data*/,
                                  size_t /*data_length*/) { return false; });
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/empty", [&](const char * /*data*/,
                                     size_t /*data_length*/) { return false; });
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  }
}

TEST(ErrorHandlerWithContentProviderTest, ErrorHandler) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_error_handler([](Request const &, Response &res) -> void {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/plain", [](std::size_t const, DataSink &sink) -> bool {
          sink.os << "hello";
          sink.os << "world";
          sink.done();
          return true;
        });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::NotFound_404, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("helloworld", res->body);
}

TEST(LongPollingTest, ClientCloseDetection) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/events", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/plain", [](std::size_t const, DataSink &sink) -> bool {
          EXPECT_TRUE(sink.is_writable()); // the socket is alive
          sink.os << "hello";

          auto count = 10;
          while (count > 0 && sink.is_writable()) {
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(10));
            count--;
          }
          EXPECT_FALSE(sink.is_writable()); // the socket is closed
          return true;
        });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  auto res = cli.Get("/events", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
    EXPECT_EQ("hello", string(data, data_length));
    return false; // close the socket immediately.
  });

  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
}

TEST(LongPollingTest, ClientCloseDetectionWithStreamOperator) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/events", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/plain", [](std::size_t const, DataSink &sink) -> bool {
          EXPECT_TRUE(sink.is_writable()); // the socket is alive
          sink.os << "hello";
          EXPECT_TRUE(sink.os.good());

          // Wait for the client to close the connection
          auto count = 10;
          while (count > 0 && sink.is_writable()) {
            this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(10));
            count--;
          }

          // After client disconnect, write repeatedly until the socket
          // write actually fails (small writes may be absorbed by the
          // kernel buffer)
          std::string chunk(1024, 'x');
          for (int i = 0; i < 1000 && sink.os.good(); i++) {
            sink.os << chunk;
          }
          EXPECT_TRUE(sink.os.fail());

          return true;
        });
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", port);

  auto res = cli.Get("/events", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
    EXPECT_EQ("hello", string(data, data_length));
    return false; // close the socket immediately.
  });

  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
}

TEST(GetWithParametersTest, GetWithParameters) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    EXPECT_EQ("world", req.get_param_value("hello"));
    EXPECT_EQ("world2", req.get_param_value("hello2"));
    EXPECT_EQ("world3", req.get_param_value("hello3"));
  });

  svr.Get("/params", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    EXPECT_EQ("world", req.get_param_value("hello"));
    EXPECT_EQ("world2", req.get_param_value("hello2"));
    EXPECT_EQ("world3", req.get_param_value("hello3"));
  });

  svr.Get(R"(/resources/([a-z0-9\\-]+))", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    EXPECT_EQ("resource-id", req.matches[1]);
    EXPECT_EQ("foo", req.get_param_value("param1"));
    EXPECT_EQ("bar", req.get_param_value("param2"));
  });

  svr.Get("/users/:id", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    EXPECT_EQ("user-id", req.path_params.at("id"));
    EXPECT_EQ("foo", req.get_param_value("param1"));
    EXPECT_EQ("bar", req.get_param_value("param2"));
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    Params params;
    params.emplace("hello", "world");
    params.emplace("hello2", "world2");
    params.emplace("hello3", "world3");
    auto res = cli.Get("/", params, Headers{});

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/params?hello=world&hello2=world2&hello3=world3");

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/resources/resource-id?param1=foo&param2=bar");

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    auto res = cli.Get("/users/user-id?param1=foo&param2=bar");

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(GetWithParametersTest, GetWithParameters2) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto text = req.get_param_value("hello");
    res.set_content(text, "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("hello", "world");

  std::string body;
  auto res = cli.Get("/", params, Headers{},
                     [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                       body.append(data, data_length);
                       return true;
                     });

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("world", body);
}

TEST(GetWithParametersTest, GetWithParamsOnlyNoHeaders) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/search", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto q = req.get_param_value("q");
    res.set_content(q, "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  // Verify that Get(path, params) works without requiring Headers argument
  auto res = cli.Get("/search", httplib::Params{{"q", "cpp-httplib"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("cpp-httplib", res->body);
}

TEST(ClientDefaultHeadersTest, DefaultHeaders_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/range/32"};

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli(host);
#else
  Client cli(host);
#endif

  cli.set_default_headers({make_range_header({{1, 10}})});
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijk", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijk", res->body);
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(ServerDefaultHeadersTest, DefaultHeaders) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_default_headers({{"Hello", "World"}});

  svr.Get("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("ok", res->body);
  EXPECT_EQ("World", res->get_header_value("Hello"));
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(KeepAliveTest, ReadTimeoutSSL) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/a", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
    res.set_content("a", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Get("/b", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("b", "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("localhost", PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);
  cli.set_read_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(1));

  auto resa = cli.Get("/a");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!resa);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, resa.error());

  auto resb = cli.Get("/b");
  ASSERT_TRUE(resb);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, resb->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("b", resb->body);
}
#endif

class ServerTestWithAI_PASSIVE : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  ServerTestWithAI_PASSIVE()
      : cli_(HOST, PORT)
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
        ,
        svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE)
#endif
  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    cli_.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#endif
  }

  virtual void SetUp() {
    svr_.Get("/hi", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
    });

    t_ = thread(
        [&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen(std::string(), PORT, AI_PASSIVE)); });

    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    t_.join();
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli_;
  SSLServer svr_;
#else
  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
#endif
  thread t_;
};

TEST_F(ServerTestWithAI_PASSIVE, GetMethod200) {
  auto res = cli_.Get("/hi");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
}

class ServerUpDownTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  ServerUpDownTest() : cli_(HOST, PORT) {}

  virtual void SetUp() {
    t_ = thread([&]() {
      svr_.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
      ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen_after_bind());
    });

    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    t_.join();
  }

  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
  thread t_;
};

TEST_F(ServerUpDownTest, QuickStartStop) {
  // Should not crash, especially when run with
  // --gtest_filter=ServerUpDownTest.QuickStartStop --gtest_repeat=1000
}

class PayloadMaxLengthTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  PayloadMaxLengthTest()
      : cli_(HOST, PORT)
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
        ,
        svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE)
#endif
  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    cli_.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#endif
  }

  virtual void SetUp() {
    svr_.set_payload_max_length(8);

    svr_.Post("/test", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
    });

    t_ = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen(HOST, PORT)); });

    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    t_.join();
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli_;
  SSLServer svr_;
#else
  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
#endif
  thread t_;
};

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, ExceedLimit) {
  auto res = cli_.Post("/test", "123456789", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);

  res = cli_.Post("/test", "12345678", "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, ChunkedEncodingSecurityTest) {
  // Test chunked encoding with payload exceeding the 8-byte limit
  std::string large_chunked_data(16, 'A'); // 16 bytes, exceeds 8-byte limit

  auto res = cli_.Post("/test", large_chunked_data, "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);
}

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, ChunkedEncodingWithinLimit) {
  // Test chunked encoding with payload within the 8-byte limit
  std::string small_chunked_data(4, 'B'); // 4 bytes, within 8-byte limit

  auto res = cli_.Post("/test", small_chunked_data, "text/plain");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, RawSocketChunkedTest) {
  // Test using send_request to send chunked data exceeding payload limit
  std::string chunked_request = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                                "Host: " +
                                std::string(HOST) + ":" + std::to_string(PORT) +
                                "\r\n"
                                "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                                "Connection: close\r\n"
                                "\r\n"
                                "a\r\n" // 10 bytes chunk (exceeds 8-byte limit)
                                "0123456789\r\n"
                                "0\r\n" // End chunk
                                "\r\n";

  std::string response;
  bool result = send_request(1, chunked_request, &response);

  if (!result) {
    // If send_request fails, it might be because the server closed the
    // connection due to payload limit enforcement, which is acceptable
    SUCCEED()
        << "Server rejected oversized chunked request (connection closed)";
  } else {
    // If we got a response, check if it's an error response or connection was
    // closed early Short response length indicates connection was closed due to
    // payload limit
    if (response.length() <= 10) {
      SUCCEED() << "Server closed connection for oversized chunked request";
    } else {
      // Check for error status codes
      EXPECT_TRUE(response.find("413") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("Payload Too Large") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("400") != std::string::npos);
    }
  }
}

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, NoContentLengthPayloadLimit) {
  // Test request without Content-Length header exceeding payload limit
  std::string request_without_content_length = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                                               "Host: " +
                                               std::string(HOST) + ":" +
                                               std::to_string(PORT) +
                                               "\r\n"
                                               "Connection: close\r\n"
                                               "\r\n";

  // Add payload exceeding the 8-byte limit
  std::string large_payload(16, 'X'); // 16 bytes, exceeds 8-byte limit
  request_without_content_length += large_payload;

  std::string response;
  bool result = send_request(1, request_without_content_length, &response);

  if (!result) {
    // If send_request fails, server likely closed connection due to payload
    // limit
    SUCCEED() << "Server rejected oversized request without Content-Length "
                 "(connection closed)";
  } else {
    // Check if server responded with error or closed connection early
    if (response.length() <= 10) {
      SUCCEED() << "Server closed connection for oversized request without "
                   "Content-Length";
    } else {
      // Check for error status codes
      EXPECT_TRUE(response.find("413") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("Payload Too Large") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("400") != std::string::npos);
    }
  }
}

TEST_F(PayloadMaxLengthTest, NoContentLengthWithinLimit) {
  // Test request without Content-Length header within payload limit
  std::string request_without_content_length = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                                               "Host: " +
                                               std::string(HOST) + ":" +
                                               std::to_string(PORT) +
                                               "\r\n"
                                               "Connection: close\r\n"
                                               "\r\n";

  // Add payload within the 8-byte limit
  std::string small_payload(4, 'Y'); // 4 bytes, within 8-byte limit
  request_without_content_length += small_payload;

  std::string response;
  bool result = send_request(1, request_without_content_length, &response);

  // For requests without Content-Length, the server may have different behavior
  // The key is that it should not reject due to payload limit for small
  // payloads
  if (result) {
    // Check for any HTTP response (success or error, but not connection closed)
    if (response.length() > 10) {
      SUCCEED()
          << "Server processed request without Content-Length within limit";
    } else {
      // Short response might indicate connection closed, which is acceptable
      SUCCEED() << "Server closed connection for request without "
                   "Content-Length (acceptable behavior)";
    }
  } else {
    // Connection failure might be due to protocol requirements
    SUCCEED() << "Connection issue with request without Content-Length "
                 "(environment-specific)";
  }
}

class LargePayloadMaxLengthTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  LargePayloadMaxLengthTest()
      : cli_(HOST, PORT)
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
        ,
        svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE)
#endif
  {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
    cli_.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
#endif
  }

  virtual void SetUp() {
    // Set 10MB payload limit
    const size_t LARGE_PAYLOAD_LIMIT = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10MB
    svr_.set_payload_max_length(LARGE_PAYLOAD_LIMIT);

    svr_.Post("/test", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Large payload test", "text/plain");
    });

    t_ = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr_.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  virtual void TearDown() {
    svr_.stop();
    t_.join();
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  SSLClient cli_;
  SSLServer svr_;
#else
  Client cli_;
  Server svr_;
#endif
  thread t_;
};

TEST_F(LargePayloadMaxLengthTest, ChunkedEncodingWithin10MB) {
  // Test chunked encoding with payload within 10MB limit
  std::string medium_payload(5 * 1024 * 1024,
                             'A'); // 5MB payload, within 10MB limit

  auto res = cli_.Post("/test", medium_payload, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST_F(LargePayloadMaxLengthTest, ChunkedEncodingExceeds10MB) {
  // Test chunked encoding with payload exceeding 10MB limit
  std::string large_payload(12 * 1024 * 1024,
                            'B'); // 12MB payload, exceeds 10MB limit

  auto res = cli_.Post("/test", large_payload, "application/octet-stream");
  // Server may either return 413 or close the connection
  if (res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);
  } else {
    SUCCEED() << "Server closed connection for payload exceeding 10MB limit";
  }
}

TEST_F(LargePayloadMaxLengthTest, NoContentLengthWithin10MB) {
  // Test request without Content-Length header within 10MB limit
  std::string request_without_content_length = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                                               "Host: " +
                                               std::string(HOST) + ":" +
                                               std::to_string(PORT) +
                                               "\r\n"
                                               "Connection: close\r\n"
                                               "\r\n";

  // Add 1MB payload (within 10MB limit)
  std::string medium_payload(1024 * 1024, 'C'); // 1MB payload
  request_without_content_length += medium_payload;

  std::string response;
  bool result = send_request(5, request_without_content_length, &response);

  if (result) {
    // Should get a proper HTTP response for payloads within limit
    if (response.length() > 10) {
      SUCCEED() << "Server processed 1MB request without Content-Length within "
                   "10MB limit";
    } else {
      SUCCEED() << "Server closed connection (acceptable behavior for no "
                   "Content-Length)";
    }
  } else {
    SUCCEED() << "Connection issue with 1MB payload (environment-specific)";
  }
}

TEST_F(LargePayloadMaxLengthTest, NoContentLengthExceeds10MB) {
  // Test request without Content-Length header exceeding 10MB limit
  std::string request_without_content_length = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                                               "Host: " +
                                               std::string(HOST) + ":" +
                                               std::to_string(PORT) +
                                               "\r\n"
                                               "Connection: close\r\n"
                                               "\r\n";

  // Add 12MB payload (exceeds 10MB limit)
  std::string large_payload(12 * 1024 * 1024, 'D'); // 12MB payload
  request_without_content_length += large_payload;

  std::string response;
  bool result = send_request(10, request_without_content_length, &response);

  if (!result) {
    // Server should close connection due to payload limit
    SUCCEED() << "Server rejected 12MB request without Content-Length "
                 "(connection closed)";
  } else {
    // Check for error response
    if (response.length() <= 10) {
      SUCCEED()
          << "Server closed connection for 12MB request exceeding 10MB limit";
    } else {
      EXPECT_TRUE(response.find("413") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("Payload Too Large") != std::string::npos ||
                  response.find("400") != std::string::npos);
    }
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
// `payload_max_length` is not enforced on decompressed body in ContentReader
// path.
TEST(PayloadLimitBypassTest, StreamingGzipDecompression) {
  Server svr;
  const size_t LIMIT = 64 * 1024; // 64KB
  svr.set_payload_max_length(LIMIT);

  size_t total = 0;
  svr.Post("/stream", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res,
                          const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    content_reader([&](const char * /*data*/, size_t len) {
      total += len;
      return true;
    });
    res.status = 200;
    res.set_content("stream_ok", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Prepare 256KB raw data and gzip-compress it
  std::string raw(256 * 1024, 'A');
  std::string gz;
  {
    z_stream zs{};
    deflateInit2(&zs, Z_BEST_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFLATED, 15 + 16, 8,
                 Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
    zs.next_in = reinterpret_cast<Bytef *>(const_cast<char *>(raw.data()));
    zs.avail_in = static_cast<uInt>(raw.size());
    char outbuf[4096];
    int ret;
    do {
      zs.next_out = reinterpret_cast<Bytef *>(outbuf);
      zs.avail_out = sizeof(outbuf);
      ret = deflate(&zs, Z_FINISH);
      gz.append(outbuf, sizeof(outbuf) - zs.avail_out);
    } while (ret != Z_STREAM_END);
    deflateEnd(&zs);
  }

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Encoding", "gzip"}};
  auto res = cli.Post("/stream", headers, gz.data(), gz.size(),
                      "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

  // Server must reject oversized decompressed payloads with 413.
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);

  // Decompressed bytes delivered to the handler must not exceed LIMIT.
  EXPECT_LE(total, LIMIT);
}
#endif

// Some servers misuse Content-Encoding to advertise a character set, e.g.
// `Content-Encoding: UTF-8` on a JPEG. Such a value is not a content coding, so
// the payload must be passed through untouched instead of being rejected.
TEST(ContentEncodingTest, UnknownEncodingIsPassedThrough) {
  const std::string body = "\xff\xd8\xff\xe0 not really a jpeg";

  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/image", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(body, "image/jpeg");
    res.set_header("Content-Encoding", "UTF-8");
  });

  svr.Get("/identity", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(body, "image/jpeg");
    res.set_header("Content-Encoding", "identity");
  });

  svr.Post("/echo", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "image/jpeg");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/image");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ(body, res->body);
  }

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/identity");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ(body, res->body);
  }

  {
    // The same applies to a request body reaching the server.
    Headers headers = {{"Content-Encoding", "UTF-8"}};
    auto res = cli.Post("/echo", headers, body, "image/jpeg");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ(body, res->body);
  }
}

// "Hello World!" as gzip. Hard-coded so that the test below can serve a
// gzip-encoded response even when the build has no zlib support.
static const char GZIPPED_HELLO_WORLD[] = {
    '\x1f', '\x8b', '\x08', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00',
    '\x02', '\x03', '\xf3', '\x48', '\xcd', '\xc9', '\xc9', '\x57',
    '\x08', '\xcf', '\x2f', '\xca', '\x49', '\x51', '\x04', '\x00',
    '\xa3', '\x1c', '\x29', '\x1c', '\x0c', '\x00', '\x00', '\x00'};

// A content coding cpp-httplib recognizes but was not built with must be
// reported as such. Handing the still-compressed payload back to the caller
// would silently corrupt it.
TEST(ContentEncodingTest, KnownEncodingWithoutSupportIsReported) {
  const std::string gzipped(GZIPPED_HELLO_WORLD, sizeof(GZIPPED_HELLO_WORLD));

  Server svr;

  // "image/jpeg" keeps the server from applying a content coding of its own,
  // so the hand-crafted Content-Encoding below survives.
  svr.Get("/gzipped", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(gzipped, "image/jpeg");
    res.set_header("Content-Encoding", "gzip");
  });

  // Content codings are case-insensitive (RFC 9110 8.4.1).
  svr.Get("/gzipped-uppercase", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(gzipped, "image/jpeg");
    res.set_header("Content-Encoding", "GZIP");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/gzipped");
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
#else
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::UnsupportedContentEncoding, res.error());
#endif
  }

  {
    // open_stream() must behave the same way.
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/gzipped");
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
    ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
    std::string received;
    char buf[256];
    ssize_t n;
    while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
      received.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
    }
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", received);
#else
    EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::UnsupportedContentEncoding, handle.error);
#endif
  }

  {
    // A differently-cased coding must not be mistaken for an unknown one, or
    // the body would be handed back still compressed.
    auto res = cli.Get("/gzipped-uppercase");
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
#else
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::UnsupportedContentEncoding, res.error());
#endif
  }
}

// Regression test for DoS vulnerability: a malicious server sending a response
// without Content-Length header must not cause unbounded memory consumption on
// the client side. The client should stop reading after a reasonable limit,
// similar to the server-side set_payload_max_length protection.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest, UnboundedReadWithoutContentLength) {
  constexpr size_t CLIENT_READ_LIMIT = 2 * 1024 * 1024; // 2MB safety limit

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    constexpr size_t MALICIOUS_DATA_SIZE = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10MB from server
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      // Malicious response: no Content-Length, no chunked encoding
      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      // Send 10MB of data
      std::string chunk(64 * 1024, 'A');
      size_t total_sent = 0;

      while (total_sent < MALICIOUS_DATA_SIZE) {
        auto to_send = std::min(chunk.size(), MALICIOUS_DATA_SIZE - total_sent);
        auto sent = ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                           static_cast<const char *>(chunk.c_str()),
                           static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                           chunk.c_str(), to_send,
#endif
                           0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  size_t total_read = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(5, 0);
    cli.set_payload_max_length(CLIENT_READ_LIMIT);

    auto stream = cli.open_stream("GET", "/malicious");
    ASSERT_TRUE(stream.is_valid());

    char buffer[64 * 1024];
    ssize_t n;

    while ((n = stream.read(buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
      total_read += static_cast<size_t>(n);
    }
  } // StreamHandle and Client destroyed here, closing the socket

  server_thread.join();

  // With set_payload_max_length, the client must stop reading before consuming
  // all 10MB. The read loop should be cut off at or near the configured limit.
  EXPECT_LE(total_read, CLIENT_READ_LIMIT)
      << "Client read " << total_read << " bytes, exceeding the configured "
      << "payload_max_length of " << CLIENT_READ_LIMIT << " bytes.";
}

// Verify that set_payload_max_length(0) means "no limit" and allows reading
// the entire response body without truncation.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest, PayloadMaxLengthZeroMeansNoLimit) {
  static constexpr size_t DATA_SIZE = 4 * 1024 * 1024; // 4MB from server

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      std::string chunk(64 * 1024, 'A');
      size_t total_sent = 0;

      while (total_sent < DATA_SIZE) {
        auto to_send = std::min(chunk.size(), DATA_SIZE - total_sent);
        auto sent = ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                           static_cast<const char *>(chunk.c_str()),
                           static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                           chunk.c_str(), to_send,
#endif
                           0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

#ifdef _WIN32
      ::shutdown(cli, SD_SEND);
#else
      ::shutdown(cli, SHUT_WR);
#endif
      // Drain until the client closes its end, ensuring all data is delivered
      char drain[1024];
      while (::recv(cli, drain, sizeof(drain), 0) > 0) {}
      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  size_t total_read = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(5, 0);
    cli.set_payload_max_length(0); // 0 means no limit

    auto stream = cli.open_stream("GET", "/data");
    ASSERT_TRUE(stream.is_valid());

    char buffer[64 * 1024];
    ssize_t n;

    while ((n = stream.read(buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
      total_read += static_cast<size_t>(n);
    }
  }

  server_thread.join();

  EXPECT_EQ(total_read, DATA_SIZE)
      << "With payload_max_length(0), the client should read all " << DATA_SIZE
      << " bytes without truncation, but only read " << total_read << " bytes.";
}

// Regression test for OSS-Fuzz issue 508342856: a malicious server sending an
// enormous Content-Length must not cause the client to pre-allocate a huge
// response body buffer. The reservation is capped at payload_max_length_, and
// the read itself fails when the body exceeds the limit.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest, HugeContentLengthDoesNotPreallocate) {
#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      // Malicious response: claim a 20GB body but send only a tiny payload.
      std::string response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                             "Content-Length: 20000000000\r\n"
                             "\r\n"
                             "abc";
      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response.size()),
#else
             response.c_str(), response.size(),
#endif
             0);

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(5, 0);
    // Default payload_max_length_ is 100MB; a 20GB Content-Length must not
    // result in a 20GB pre-allocation. The Get() call is expected to fail
    // (server claims more bytes than payload_max_length permits), but it must
    // not exhaust memory before getting there.
    auto res = cli.Get("/malicious");
    EXPECT_FALSE(res); // Read fails because body exceeds payload_max_length_
  }

  server_thread.join();
}

// Verify that content_receiver bypasses the default payload_max_length,
// allowing streaming downloads larger than 100MB without requiring an explicit
// set_payload_max_length call.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest, ContentReceiverBypassesDefaultPayloadMaxLength) {
  static constexpr size_t DATA_SIZE = 200 * 1024 * 1024; // 200MB from server

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      // Response with Content-Length larger than default 100MB limit
      auto content_length = std::to_string(DATA_SIZE);
      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Content-Length: " +
                                    content_length +
                                    "\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      std::string chunk(64 * 1024, 'A');
      size_t total_sent = 0;

      while (total_sent < DATA_SIZE) {
        auto to_send = std::min(chunk.size(), DATA_SIZE - total_sent);
        auto sent = ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                           static_cast<const char *>(chunk.c_str()),
                           static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                           chunk.c_str(), to_send,
#endif
                           0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  size_t total_received = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(10, 0);
    // Do NOT call set_payload_max_length — use the default 100MB limit

    auto res =
        cli.Get("/large", [&](const char * /*data*/, size_t data_length) {
          total_received += data_length;
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  server_thread.join();

  EXPECT_EQ(total_received, DATA_SIZE)
      << "With content_receiver, the client should read all " << DATA_SIZE
      << " bytes despite the default 100MB payload_max_length, but only read "
      << total_received << " bytes.";
}

// Verify that an explicit set_payload_max_length smaller than the response is
// enforced even when a content_receiver is used.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest,
     ContentReceiverRespectsExplicitPayloadMaxLength150MB) {
  static constexpr size_t DATA_SIZE = 200 * 1024 * 1024; // 200MB from server
  static constexpr size_t EXPLICIT_LIMIT = 150 * 1024 * 1024; // 150MB limit

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      auto content_length = std::to_string(DATA_SIZE);
      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Content-Length: " +
                                    content_length +
                                    "\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      std::string chunk(64 * 1024, 'A');
      size_t total_sent = 0;

      while (total_sent < DATA_SIZE) {
        auto to_send = std::min(chunk.size(), DATA_SIZE - total_sent);
        auto sent = ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                           static_cast<const char *>(chunk.c_str()),
                           static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                           chunk.c_str(), to_send,
#endif
                           0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  size_t total_received = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(10, 0);
    cli.set_payload_max_length(EXPLICIT_LIMIT); // Explicit 150MB limit

    auto res =
        cli.Get("/large", [&](const char * /*data*/, size_t data_length) {
          total_received += data_length;
          return true;
        });

    // Should fail because 200MB exceeds the explicit 150MB limit
    EXPECT_FALSE(res);
  }

  server_thread.join();

  EXPECT_LE(total_received, EXPLICIT_LIMIT)
      << "Client with content_receiver should respect the explicit "
      << "payload_max_length of " << EXPLICIT_LIMIT << " bytes, but read "
      << total_received << " bytes.";
}

// Verify that an explicit set_payload_max_length larger than the response
// allows the content_receiver to read all data successfully.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest,
     ContentReceiverRespectsExplicitPayloadMaxLength250MB) {
  static constexpr size_t DATA_SIZE = 200 * 1024 * 1024; // 200MB from server
  static constexpr size_t EXPLICIT_LIMIT = 250 * 1024 * 1024; // 250MB limit

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 2));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      char buf[4096];
      ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

      auto content_length = std::to_string(DATA_SIZE);
      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Content-Length: " +
                                    content_length +
                                    "\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      std::string chunk(64 * 1024, 'A');
      size_t total_sent = 0;

      while (total_sent < DATA_SIZE) {
        auto to_send = std::min(chunk.size(), DATA_SIZE - total_sent);
        auto sent = ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                           static_cast<const char *>(chunk.c_str()),
                           static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                           chunk.c_str(), to_send,
#endif
                           0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

#ifdef _WIN32
      ::shutdown(cli, SD_SEND);
#else
      ::shutdown(cli, SHUT_WR);
#endif
      char drain[1024];
      while (::recv(cli, drain, sizeof(drain), 0) > 0) {}
      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  size_t total_received = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 2);
    cli.set_read_timeout(10, 0);
    cli.set_payload_max_length(EXPLICIT_LIMIT); // Explicit 250MB limit

    auto res =
        cli.Get("/large", [&](const char * /*data*/, size_t data_length) {
          total_received += data_length;
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }

  server_thread.join();

  EXPECT_EQ(total_received, DATA_SIZE)
      << "With explicit payload_max_length of " << EXPLICIT_LIMIT
      << " bytes (larger than " << DATA_SIZE
      << " bytes response), content_receiver should read all data, but only "
         "read "
      << total_received << " bytes.";
}

#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT) && !defined(_WIN32)
// Regression test for "zip bomb" attack on the client side: a malicious server
// sends a small gzip-compressed response that decompresses to a huge payload.
// The client must enforce payload_max_length on the decompressed size.
TEST(ClientVulnerabilityTest, ZipBombWithoutContentLength) {
  constexpr size_t DECOMPRESSED_SIZE =
      10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10MB after decompression
  constexpr size_t CLIENT_READ_LIMIT = 2 * 1024 * 1024; // 2MB safety limit

  // Prepare gzip-compressed data: 10MB of zeros compresses to a few KB
  std::string uncompressed(DECOMPRESSED_SIZE, '\0');
  std::string compressed;
  {
    httplib::detail::gzip_compressor compressor;
    bool ok =
        compressor.compress(uncompressed.data(), uncompressed.size(),
                            /*last=*/true, [&](const char *buf, size_t len) {
                              compressed.append(buf, len);
                              return true;
                            });
    ASSERT_TRUE(ok);
  }
  // Sanity: compressed data should be much smaller than the decompressed size
  ASSERT_LT(compressed.size(), DECOMPRESSED_SIZE / 10);

#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  // Set up the listening socket in the main thread so the server is guaranteed
  // to be ready before the client connects (eliminates race condition).
  auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  default_socket_options(srv);
  detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
  detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

  sockaddr_in addr{};
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 3));
  ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

  int opt = 1;
  ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
               reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
               &opt,
#endif
               sizeof(opt));

  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)));
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::listen(srv, 1));

  auto server_thread = std::thread([&compressed, srv] {
    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      // Read the full HTTP request (until \r\n\r\n)
      char buf[4096];
      size_t total = 0;
      while (total < sizeof(buf)) {
        auto n = ::recv(cli, buf + total, sizeof(buf) - total, 0);
        if (n <= 0) break;
        total += static_cast<size_t>(n);
        // Check for end of headers
        if (total >= 4) {
          std::string req(buf, total);
          if (req.find("\r\n\r\n") != std::string::npos) break;
        }
      }

      // Malicious response: gzip-compressed body, no Content-Length
      std::string response_header = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                    "Content-Encoding: gzip\r\n"
                                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                                    "\r\n";

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response_header.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response_header.size()),
#else
             response_header.c_str(), response_header.size(),
#endif
             0);

      // Send the compressed payload (small on the wire, huge when decompressed)
      size_t total_sent = 0;
      while (total_sent < compressed.size()) {
        auto to_send = std::min(compressed.size() - total_sent,
                                static_cast<size_t>(64 * 1024));
        auto sent =
            ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
                   static_cast<const char *>(compressed.c_str() + total_sent),
                   static_cast<int>(to_send),
#else
                   compressed.c_str() + total_sent, to_send,
#endif
                   0);
        if (sent <= 0) break;
        total_sent += static_cast<size_t>(sent);
      }

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
  });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    detail::close_socket(srv);
    server_thread.join();
  });

  size_t total_decompressed = 0;

  {
    Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT + 3);
    cli.set_read_timeout(5, 0);
    cli.set_decompress(true);
    cli.set_payload_max_length(CLIENT_READ_LIMIT);

    auto stream = cli.open_stream("GET", "/zipbomb");
    ASSERT_TRUE(stream.is_valid());

    char buffer[64 * 1024];
    ssize_t n;

    while ((n = stream.read(buffer, sizeof(buffer))) > 0) {
      total_decompressed += static_cast<size_t>(n);
    }
  }

  // The decompressed size must be capped by payload_max_length. Without
  // protection, the client would decompress the full 10MB from a tiny
  // compressed payload, enabling a zip bomb DoS attack.
  EXPECT_LE(total_decompressed, CLIENT_READ_LIMIT)
      << "Client decompressed " << total_decompressed
      << " bytes from a gzip response. The decompressed size should be "
      << "limited by set_payload_max_length to prevent zip bomb attacks.";
}
#endif

TEST(HostAndPortPropertiesTest, NoSSL) {
  httplib::Client cli("www.google.com", 1234);
  ASSERT_EQ("www.google.com", cli.host());
  ASSERT_EQ(1234, cli.port());
}

TEST(HostAndPortPropertiesTest, NoSSLWithSimpleAPI) {
  httplib::Client cli("www.google.com:1234");
  ASSERT_EQ("www.google.com", cli.host());
  ASSERT_EQ(1234, cli.port());
}

TEST(HostAndPortPropertiesTest, OverflowPortNumber) {
  // Port number that overflows int — should not crash, client becomes invalid
  httplib::Client cli("http://www.google.com:99999999999999999999");
  ASSERT_FALSE(cli.is_valid());
}

TEST(HostAndPortPropertiesTest, PortOutOfRange) {
  // Port 99999 exceeds valid range (1-65535) — should not crash
  httplib::Client cli("http://www.google.com:99999");
  ASSERT_FALSE(cli.is_valid());
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(HostAndPortPropertiesTest, SSL) {
  httplib::SSLClient cli("www.google.com");
  ASSERT_EQ("www.google.com", cli.host());
  ASSERT_EQ(443, cli.port());
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, UpdateCAStoreWithPem_Online) {
  // Test updating CA store multiple times using PEM-based load_ca_cert_store
  std::string cert;
  read_file(CA_CERT_FILE, cert);

  httplib::SSLClient httplib_client("www.google.com");

  // Load CA store first time
  httplib_client.load_ca_cert_store(cert.data(), cert.size());

  // Load CA store second time (update)
  httplib_client.load_ca_cert_store(cert.data(), cert.size());

  // Verify client is still valid and can make connections
  httplib_client.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  auto res = httplib_client.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  // Google may return 200 or 301 depending on various factors
  EXPECT_TRUE(res->status == StatusCode::OK_200 ||
              res->status == StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerNameIndication_Online) {
  auto host = "httpbingo.org";
  auto path = std::string{"/get"};

  SSLClient cli(host, 443);
  auto res = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerificationError_Online) {
  // Use a site that will cause SSL verification failure due to self-signed cert
  SSLClient cli("self-signed.badssl.com", 443);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  auto res = cli.Get("/");

  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLServerVerification, res.error());

  // Verify backend error is captured for SSLServerVerification
  // This occurs when certificate verification fails
  // OpenSSL: X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT (18)
  // Mbed TLS: MBEDTLS_X509_BADCERT_NOT_TRUSTED or similar flags
  EXPECT_NE(0UL, res.ssl_backend_error());
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
  // For OpenSSL, ssl_error is 0 for verification errors
  EXPECT_EQ(0, res.ssl_error());
#if !defined(_WIN32) ||                                                        \
    defined(CPPHTTPLIB_DISABLE_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE)
  // On non-Windows or when Windows Schannel is disabled, the error comes
  // from OpenSSL's verification
  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT),
            res.ssl_backend_error());
#endif
#endif
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerHostnameVerificationError_Online) {
  // Use a site where hostname doesn't match the certificate
  // badssl.com provides wrong.host.badssl.com which has cert for *.badssl.com
  SSLClient cli("wrong.host.badssl.com", 443);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.enable_server_hostname_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);

  // The error type depends on when hostname verification occurs:
  // - OpenSSL: SSLServerHostnameVerification (post-handshake verification)
  // - Mbed TLS: SSLServerVerification (during handshake)
  EXPECT_TRUE(res.error() == Error::SSLServerHostnameVerification ||
              res.error() == Error::SSLServerVerification);

  // Verify backend error is captured for hostname verification failure
  EXPECT_NE(0UL, res.ssl_backend_error());
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
  // For OpenSSL, ssl_error is 0 for verification errors
  EXPECT_EQ(0, res.ssl_error());
#if !defined(_WIN32) ||                                                        \
    defined(CPPHTTPLIB_DISABLE_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE)
  // On non-Windows or when Windows Schannel is disabled, the error comes
  // from OpenSSL's hostname verification
  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<unsigned long>(X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH),
            res.ssl_backend_error());
#endif
#endif
}

#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED) &&                      \
    !defined(CPPHTTPLIB_DISABLE_WINDOWS_AUTOMATIC_ROOT_CERTIFICATES_UPDATE)
TEST(SSLClientTest, WindowsCertificateVerification_DefaultEnabled) {
  SSLClient cli("www.google.com", 443);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  if (res) { EXPECT_NE(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status); }
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, WindowsCertificateVerification_Disabled) {
  SSLClient cli("www.google.com", 443);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.enable_windows_certificate_verification(false);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  if (res) { EXPECT_NE(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status); }
}
#endif

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification1_Online) {
  Client cli("https://google.com");
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification2_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification3_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path("hello");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLLoadingCerts, res.error());

  // For SSL_CTX operations, ssl_error should be 0, only ssl_backend_error
  // should be set
  EXPECT_EQ(0, res.ssl_error());

  // Verify backend error is captured for SSLLoadingCerts
  // This error occurs when loading CA certificates fails
  EXPECT_NE(0UL, res.ssl_backend_error());
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
  // OpenSSL specific error codes:
  // > openssl errstr 0x80000002
  // error:80000002:system library::No such file or directory
  // > openssl errstr 0xA000126
  // error:0A000126:SSL routines::unexpected eof while reading
  EXPECT_TRUE(res.ssl_backend_error() == 0x80000002 ||
              res.ssl_backend_error() == 0xA000126);
#endif
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification4) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
    svr.stop();
    ASSERT_TRUE(true);
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(SERVER_CERT2_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification5_Online) {
  std::string cert;
  read_file(CA_CERT_FILE, cert);

  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.data(), cert.size());
  const auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ServerCertificateVerification6_Online) {
  // clang-format off
  static constexpr char cert[] =
    "GlobalSign Root CA\n"
    "==================\n"
    "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n"
    "MIIDdTCCAl2gAwIBAgILBAAAAAABFUtaw5QwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwVzELMAkGA1UEBhMCQkUx\n"
    "GTAXBgNVBAoTEEdsb2JhbFNpZ24gbnYtc2ExEDAOBgNVBAsTB1Jvb3QgQ0ExGzAZBgNVBAMTEkds\n"
    "b2JhbFNpZ24gUm9vdCBDQTAeFw05ODA5MDExMjAwMDBaFw0yODAxMjgxMjAwMDBaMFcxCzAJBgNV\n"
    "BAYTAkJFMRkwFwYDVQQKExBHbG9iYWxTaWduIG52LXNhMRAwDgYDVQQLEwdSb290IENBMRswGQYD\n"
    "VQQDExJHbG9iYWxTaWduIFJvb3QgQ0EwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQDa\n"
    "DuaZjc6j40+Kfvvxi4Mla+pIH/EqsLmVEQS98GPR4mdmzxzdzxtIK+6NiY6arymAZavpxy0Sy6sc\n"
    "THAHoT0KMM0VjU/43dSMUBUc71DuxC73/OlS8pF94G3VNTCOXkNz8kHp1Wrjsok6Vjk4bwY8iGlb\n"
    "Kk3Fp1S4bInMm/k8yuX9ifUSPJJ4ltbcdG6TRGHRjcdGsnUOhugZitVtbNV4FpWi6cgKOOvyJBNP\n"
    "c1STE4U6G7weNLWLBYy5d4ux2x8gkasJU26Qzns3dLlwR5EiUWMWea6xrkEmCMgZK9FGqkjWZCrX\n"
    "gzT/LCrBbBlDSgeF59N89iFo7+ryUp9/k5DPAgMBAAGjQjBAMA4GA1UdDwEB/wQEAwIBBjAPBgNV\n"
    "HRMBAf8EBTADAQH/MB0GA1UdDgQWBBRge2YaRQ2XyolQL30EzTSo//z9SzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUF\n"
    "AAOCAQEA1nPnfE920I2/7LqivjTFKDK1fPxsnCwrvQmeU79rXqoRSLblCKOzyj1hTdNGCbM+w6Dj\n"
    "Y1Ub8rrvrTnhQ7k4o+YviiY776BQVvnGCv04zcQLcFGUl5gE38NflNUVyRRBnMRddWQVDf9VMOyG\n"
    "j/8N7yy5Y0b2qvzfvGn9LhJIZJrglfCm7ymPAbEVtQwdpf5pLGkkeB6zpxxxYu7KyJesF12KwvhH\n"
    "hm4qxFYxldBniYUr+WymXUadDKqC5JlR3XC321Y9YeRq4VzW9v493kHMB65jUr9TU/Qr6cf9tveC\n"
    "X4XSQRjbgbMEHMUfpIBvFSDJ3gyICh3WZlXi/EjJKSZp4A==\n"
    "-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
  // clang-format on

  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert, sizeof(cert));
  const auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, WildcardHostNameMatch_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("www.youtube.com");

  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, WildcardHostNameMatchCase_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("wWw.YouTube.Com");

  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.enable_server_hostname_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, HostNameMatchCase_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("gOoGlE.COm");

  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.enable_server_hostname_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, Issue2004_Online) {
  Client client("https://google.com");
  client.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = client.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  auto body = res->body;
  EXPECT_EQ(body.substr(0, 15), "<!doctype html>");
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, ErrorReportingWhenInvalid) {
  // Create SSLClient with invalid cert/key to make is_valid() return false
  SSLClient cli("localhost", 8080, "nonexistent_cert.pem",
                "nonexistent_key.pem");

  // is_valid() should be false due to cert loading failure
  ASSERT_FALSE(cli.is_valid());

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLConnection, res.error());
}

TEST(SSLClientTest, Issue2251_SwappedClientCertAndKey) {
  // Test for Issue #2251: SSL error not properly reported when client cert
  // and key paths are swapped or mismatched
  // This simulates the scenario where user accidentally swaps the cert and key
  // files

  // Using client cert file as private key and vice versa (completely wrong)
  SSLClient cli("localhost", 8080, "client.key.pem", "client.cert.pem");

  // Should fail validation due to cert/key mismatch
  ASSERT_FALSE(cli.is_valid());

  // Attempt to make a request should fail with proper error
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLConnection, res.error());

  // SSL error should be recorded in the Result object (this is the key fix for
  // Issue #2251)
  auto backend_error = res.ssl_backend_error();
  EXPECT_NE(0u, backend_error);
}

// Tests cert/key mismatch detection at the TLS context level
TEST(TlsApiTest, ClientCertKeyMismatch) {
  // Test that using mismatched cert/key causes connection failure.
  // We verify this at the SSLClient level rather than through internal
  // TLS API functions.
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, "client.cert.pem", "key.pem");
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(2);

  // The mismatch should cause a connection or handshake error
  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  // OpenSSL detects mismatch at context setup, MbedTLS at handshake
  // Either way, the request should fail
  EXPECT_FALSE(res);
}
#endif

#if 0
TEST(SSLClientTest, SetInterfaceWithINET6) {
  auto cli = std::make_shared<httplib::Client>("https://httpcan.org");
  ASSERT_TRUE(cli != nullptr);

  cli->set_address_family(AF_INET6);
  cli->set_interface("en0");

  auto res = cli->Get("/get");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}
#endif

// ClientCertPresent uses get_peer_cert() - works with all TLS backends
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
void ClientCertPresent(
    const std::string &client_cert_file,
    const std::string &client_private_key_file,
    const std::string &client_encrypted_private_key_pass = std::string()) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE,
                CLIENT_CA_CERT_DIR);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");

    auto cert = req.peer_cert();
    ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(cert));

    std::string common_name = cert.subject_cn();
    EXPECT_EQ("Common Name", common_name);
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, client_cert_file, client_private_key_file,
                client_encrypted_private_key_pass);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCertPresent) {
  ClientCertPresent(CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientEncryptedCertPresent) {
  ClientCertPresent(CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_CERT_FILE,
                    CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                    CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PASS);
}

// PEM memory-based constructor tests (works with all TLS backends)
void PemMemoryClientCertPresent(
    const std::string &client_cert_file,
    const std::string &client_private_key_file,
    const std::string &client_encrypted_private_key_pass = std::string()) {
  // Read PEM files into memory
  std::string server_cert_pem, server_key_pem;
  std::string client_ca_pem;
  std::string client_cert_pem, client_key_pem;

  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, server_cert_pem);
  read_file(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, server_key_pem);
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, client_ca_pem);
  read_file(client_cert_file, client_cert_pem);
  read_file(client_private_key_file, client_key_pem);

  // Create server with PEM memory
  SSLServer::PemMemory server_pem = {
      server_cert_pem.c_str(),
      server_cert_pem.size(),
      server_key_pem.c_str(),
      server_key_pem.size(),
      client_ca_pem.c_str(),
      client_ca_pem.size(),
      nullptr // no password for server key
  };
  SSLServer svr(server_pem);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Create client with PEM memory
  const char *password = client_encrypted_private_key_pass.empty()
                             ? nullptr
                             : client_encrypted_private_key_pass.c_str();
  SSLClient::PemMemory client_pem = {
      client_cert_pem.c_str(), client_cert_pem.size(), client_key_pem.c_str(),
      client_key_pem.size(), password};
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, client_pem);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, PemMemoryClientCertPresent) {
  PemMemoryClientCertPresent(CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, PemMemoryClientEncryptedCertPresent) {
  PemMemoryClientCertPresent(CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_CERT_FILE,
                             CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                             CLIENT_ENCRYPTED_PRIVATE_KEY_PASS);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCertMissing) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE,
                CLIENT_CA_CERT_DIR);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &) { ASSERT_TRUE(false); });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  // When client cert is missing and server requires it, connection fails
  // Error type depends on backend implementation
  EXPECT_TRUE(res.error() == Error::SSLServerVerification ||
              res.error() == Error::SSLConnection);

  // Verify backend error is captured
  // Note: This test may have different error codes depending on the exact
  // verification failure
  EXPECT_NE(0UL, res.ssl_backend_error());
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, TrustDirOptional) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, SSLConnectTimeout) {
  class NoListenSSLServer : public SSLServer {
  public:
    NoListenSSLServer(const char *cert_path, const char *private_key_path,
                      const char *client_ca_cert_file_path,
                      const char *client_ca_cert_dir_path = nullptr)
        : SSLServer(cert_path, private_key_path, client_ca_cert_file_path,
                    client_ca_cert_dir_path),
          stop_(false) {}

    std::atomic_bool stop_;

  private:
    bool process_and_close_socket(socket_t /*sock*/) override {
      // Don't create SSL context
      while (!stop_.load()) {
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
      }
      return true;
    }
  };
  NoListenSSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                        CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop_ = true;
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(1);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLConnection, res.error());
  // Timeout results in WantRead error code (maps to backend-specific value)
  EXPECT_NE(0, res.ssl_error());
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, CustomizeServerSSLCtxGeneric) {
  // Test SSLServer with client certificate verification using the standard
  // constructor (ContextSetupCallback is tested by backend-specific tests)
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE,
                CLIENT_CA_CERT_DIR);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");

    auto cert = req.peer_cert();
    ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(cert));

    auto common_name = cert.subject_cn();
    EXPECT_EQ("Common Name", common_name);
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// Test verify_hostname for both OpenSSL and MbedTLS backends
// Verifies that wildcard matching and exact matching work consistently
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, TlsVerifyHostname) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  // We need a running server to test against
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  bool verify_callback_called = false;
  bool verify_result_wrong = false;

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5);

  // Note: Test certificate has CN="Common Name", not "localhost"
  bool verify_result_cn = false;
  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    verify_callback_called = true;

    if (!ctx.cert) return false;

    // Test 1: "Common Name" should match (our test server cert CN)
    verify_result_cn = ctx.check_hostname("Common Name");

    // Test 2: wrong hostname should not match
    verify_result_wrong = ctx.check_hostname("wronghost.example.com");

    return true; // Accept for the purpose of this test
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  // The request may succeed or fail depending on cert configuration
  // but the callback should have been called

  ASSERT_TRUE(verify_callback_called)
      << "Verify callback should have been called";

  // CN="Common Name" should match our test certificate
  //
  // BoringSSL intentionally drops CN-based hostname matching per RFC 6125
  // §6.4.4 — only SubjectAltName is consulted. Other backends (OpenSSL,
  // MbedTLS, wolfSSL) still honor the CN fallback, so flip the expectation
  // for BoringSSL builds. OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL is defined by BoringSSL's
  // <openssl/base.h>, which is included transitively when
  // CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT is set against a BoringSSL install.
#if defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL)
  EXPECT_FALSE(verify_result_cn)
      << "BoringSSL should reject CN-based hostname matching (SAN-only)";
#else
  EXPECT_TRUE(verify_result_cn)
      << "verify_hostname should match 'Common Name' (certificate CN)";
#endif

  // Wrong hostname should not match
  EXPECT_FALSE(verify_result_wrong)
      << "verify_hostname should not match 'wronghost.example.com'";
}

// An IP-literal host must only be authenticated via an iPAddress SAN, never via
// the certificate's Common Name (RFC 9110). This mirrors the OpenSSL backend's
// X509_check_ip behavior and must hold for every backend.
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, TlsVerifyHostnameIpNotMatchedByCommonName) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  // Certificate CN is the IPv4 literal "127.0.0.1" and it carries no SAN.
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_IP_CN_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  bool verify_callback_called = false;
  bool ip_matched_via_cn = true;

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5);

  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    verify_callback_called = true;
    if (!ctx.cert) return false;

    // The IP appears only in the CN, so it must NOT be accepted.
    ip_matched_via_cn = ctx.check_hostname("127.0.0.1");

    return true; // Accept for the purpose of this test
  });

  cli.Get("/test");

  ASSERT_TRUE(verify_callback_called)
      << "Verify callback should have been called";
  EXPECT_FALSE(ip_matched_via_cn)
      << "An IP host must not be authenticated via the certificate CN";
}

// IPv6 hosts must be matched against IPv6 iPAddress SANs (and only those).
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, TlsVerifyHostnameIpv6San) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  // Certificate CN is "::1" and it carries an IPv6 SAN for "2001:db8::1".
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_IPV6_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  bool verify_callback_called = false;
  bool san_matched = false;
  bool wrong_ipv6_matched = true;
  bool cn_ipv6_matched = true;

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(CA_CERT_FILE);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5);

  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    verify_callback_called = true;
    if (!ctx.cert) return false;

    // Matches the IPv6 iPAddress SAN.
    san_matched = ctx.check_hostname("2001:db8::1");
    // A different IPv6 address must not match.
    wrong_ipv6_matched = ctx.check_hostname("2001:db8::2");
    // "::1" lives only in the CN, so it must not be accepted.
    cn_ipv6_matched = ctx.check_hostname("::1");

    return true; // Accept for the purpose of this test
  });

  cli.Get("/test");

  ASSERT_TRUE(verify_callback_called)
      << "Verify callback should have been called";
  EXPECT_TRUE(san_matched)
      << "verify_hostname should match an IPv6 iPAddress SAN";
  EXPECT_FALSE(wrong_ipv6_matched)
      << "verify_hostname should not match a non-matching IPv6 address";
  EXPECT_FALSE(cn_ipv6_matched)
      << "An IPv6 host must not be authenticated via the certificate CN";
}
#endif

// mbedTLS-specific callback constructor test
// Tests that the void* callback can customize TLS settings via MbedTlsContext

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCAListSentToClient) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  // Set up a handler to verify client certificate is present
  bool client_cert_verified = false;
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    // Verify that client certificate was provided
    client_cert_verified = true;
    res.set_content("success", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Client with certificate
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client_cert_verified);
  EXPECT_EQ("success", res->body);
}
#endif

// ClientCAListSetInContext uses get_peer_cert() - works with all TLS
// backends
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCAListSetInContext) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  // Test that when client CA cert file is provided,
  // the server properly requests and validates client certificates

  // Create a server with client authentication
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  bool handler_called = false;
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    handler_called = true;

    // Verify that a client certificate was provided
    auto cert = req.peer_cert();
    ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(cert));

    // Get the issuer name
    std::string issuer_str = cert.issuer_name();
    ASSERT_FALSE(issuer_str.empty());

    // The client certificate should be issued by our test CA
    EXPECT_TRUE(issuer_str.find("Root CA Name") != std::string::npos);
    res.set_content("authenticated", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Connect with a client certificate issued by the CA
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(handler_called);
  EXPECT_EQ("authenticated", res->body);
}

TEST(TlsCertIntrospectionTest, GetCertSANs) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool cert_checked = false;
  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    if (ctx.cert) {
      auto sans = ctx.sans();
      // Test certificate may or may not have SANs - just verify the API
      // works If SANs exist, verify the types are valid
      for (const auto &san : sans) {
        EXPECT_TRUE(san.type == SanType::DNS || san.type == SanType::IP ||
                    san.type == SanType::EMAIL || san.type == SanType::URI ||
                    san.type == SanType::OTHER);
        EXPECT_FALSE(san.value.empty());
      }
      cert_checked = true;
    }
    return true;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(cert_checked);
}

TEST(TlsCertIntrospectionTest, GetCertValidity) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool validity_checked = false;
  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    if (ctx.cert) {
      time_t not_before = 0, not_after = 0;
      bool result = ctx.validity(not_before, not_after);
      EXPECT_TRUE(result);
      // Verify that not_before < now < not_after for a valid cert
      time_t now = time(nullptr);
      EXPECT_LT(not_before, now);
      EXPECT_GT(not_after, now);
      validity_checked = true;
    }
    return true;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(validity_checked);
}

TEST(TlsCertIntrospectionTest, GetCertSerial) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool serial_checked = false;
  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    if (ctx.cert) {
      std::string serial = ctx.serial();
      EXPECT_FALSE(serial.empty());
      // Serial should be a hex string
      for (char c : serial) {
        EXPECT_TRUE((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') ||
                    (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f'));
      }
      serial_checked = true;
    }
    return true;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_TRUE(serial_checked);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCAListLoadErrorRecorded) {
  // Test 1: Valid CA file - no error should be recorded
  {
    SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                  CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
    ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

    // With valid setup, last_ssl_error should be 0
    EXPECT_EQ(0, svr.ssl_last_error());
  }

  // Test 2: Invalid CA file content
  // When SSL_load_client_CA_file fails, last_ssl_error_ should be set
  {
    // Create a temporary file with completely invalid content
    const char *temp_invalid_ca = "./temp_invalid_ca_for_test.txt";
    {
      std::ofstream ofs(temp_invalid_ca);
      ofs << "This is not a certificate file at all\n";
      ofs << "Just plain text content\n";
    }

    // Create server with invalid CA file
    SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, temp_invalid_ca);

    // Clean up temporary file
    std::remove(temp_invalid_ca);

    // When there's an SSL error (from either SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations
    // or SSL_load_client_CA_file), last_ssl_error_ should be non-zero
    // Note: SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations typically fails first,
    // but our error handling code path is still exercised
    if (!svr.is_valid()) { EXPECT_NE(0, svr.ssl_last_error()); }
  }
}

TEST(VerifyCallbackTest, VerifyContextFields) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  int callback_count = 0;
  bool saw_leaf_cert = false;

  cli.set_server_certificate_verifier([&](const VerifyContext &ctx) -> bool {
    if (ctx.cert) {
      callback_count++;
      // We should see at least one certificate (the leaf)
      std::string cn = ctx.subject_cn();
      if (!cn.empty()) { saw_leaf_cert = true; }
      // Verify context fields are populated
      EXPECT_NE(ctx.session, nullptr);
      EXPECT_GE(ctx.depth, 0);
    }
    return true;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GT(callback_count, 0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(saw_leaf_cert);
}

TEST(TlsVerifyErrorTest, GetVerifyErrorString) {
  using httplib::tls::TlsError;

  // Test that verify_error_to_string returns empty for success
  std::string success_str = TlsError::verify_error_to_string(0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(success_str.empty());

  // Test that verify_error_to_string returns non-empty for error codes
  // Using a common error code (certificate expired)
  std::string error_str =
      TlsError::verify_error_to_string(10); // X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED
  EXPECT_FALSE(error_str.empty());
}

TEST(SessionVerifierTest, CertificateAccepted) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool callback_called = false;
  cli.set_session_verifier([&](tls::session_t session) -> SSLVerifierResponse {
    EXPECT_NE(session, nullptr);
    callback_called = true;
    return SSLVerifierResponse::CertificateAccepted;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(callback_called);
}

TEST(SessionVerifierTest, CertificateRejected) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool callback_called = false;
  cli.set_session_verifier([&](tls::session_t session) -> SSLVerifierResponse {
    EXPECT_NE(session, nullptr);
    callback_called = true;
    return SSLVerifierResponse::CertificateRejected;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  EXPECT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_TRUE(callback_called);
}

TEST(SessionVerifierTest, NoDecisionFallsThrough) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // NoDecisionMade with verification disabled should succeed (no default check)
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  bool callback_called = false;
  cli.set_session_verifier([&](tls::session_t session) -> SSLVerifierResponse {
    EXPECT_NE(session, nullptr);
    callback_called = true;
    return SSLVerifierResponse::NoDecisionMade;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(callback_called);
}

TEST(SessionVerifierTest, NoDecisionWithVerificationEnabled) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // NoDecisionMade with verification enabled should fail (self-signed cert).
  // Note: On MbedTLS, the handshake itself fails before reaching the verifier,
  // so we only check that the request fails, not whether the callback was
  // called.
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  cli.set_session_verifier([&](tls::session_t session) -> SSLVerifierResponse {
    EXPECT_NE(session, nullptr);
    return SSLVerifierResponse::NoDecisionMade;
  });

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  EXPECT_FALSE(res);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, ClientCAListFromPem) {
  // Test SSL server using PemMemory constructor with client CA certificates

  // Read PEM files
  std::string server_cert_pem, server_key_pem, client_ca_pem;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, server_cert_pem);
  read_file(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, server_key_pem);
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, client_ca_pem);

  // Create SSLServer with PemMemory constructor including client CA
  SSLServer::PemMemory server_pem = {
      server_cert_pem.c_str(),
      server_cert_pem.size(),
      server_key_pem.c_str(),
      server_key_pem.size(),
      client_ca_pem.c_str(),
      client_ca_pem.size(),
      nullptr // no password for server key
  };
  SSLServer svr(server_pem);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  // No SSL error should be recorded for valid setup
  EXPECT_EQ(0, svr.ssl_last_error());

  // Set up server endpoints
  svr.Get("/test-pem-ca", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  // Start server in a thread
  auto server_thread = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Connect with client certificate (using constructor with paths)
  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test-pem-ca");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("ok", res->body);

  svr.stop();
  server_thread.join();
}
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32
TEST(CleanupTest, WSACleanup) {
  int ret = WSACleanup();
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ret);
}
#endif

#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(NoSSLSupport, SimpleInterface) {
  ASSERT_ANY_THROW(Client cli("https://yahoo.com"));
}
#endif

#ifndef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
TEST(InvalidScheme, SimpleInterface) {
  ASSERT_ANY_THROW(Client cli("scheme://yahoo.com"));
}
#endif

TEST(NoScheme, SimpleInterface) {
  Client cli("yahoo.com:80");
  ASSERT_TRUE(cli.is_valid());
}

TEST(SendAPI, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli("http://yahoo.com");

  Request req;
  req.method = "GET";
  req.path = "/";
  auto res = cli.send(req);

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

TEST(SendAPI, WithParamsInRequest) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(req.has_param("test"));
    EXPECT_EQ("test_value", req.get_param_value("test"));
  });

  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  {
    Request req;
    req.method = "GET";
    req.path = "/";
    req.params.emplace("test", "test_value");
    auto res = cli.send(req);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  }
  {
    auto res = cli.Get("/", {{"test", "test_value"}}, Headers{});
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  }
}

TEST(ClientImplMethods, GetSocketTest) {
  httplib::Server svr;
  svr.Get("/", [&](const httplib::Request & /*req*/, httplib::Response &res) {
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    httplib::Client cli("127.0.0.1", port);
    cli.set_keep_alive(true);

    // Use the behavior of cpp-httplib of opening the connection
    // only when the first request happens. If that changes,
    // this test would be obsolete.

    EXPECT_EQ(cli.socket(), INVALID_SOCKET);

    // This also implicitly tests the server. But other tests would fail much
    // earlier than this one to be considered.

    auto res = cli.Get("/");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());

    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    ASSERT_TRUE(cli.socket() != INVALID_SOCKET);
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(YahooRedirectTest2, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli("http://yahoo.com");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("https://www.yahoo.com/", res->location);
}

TEST(YahooRedirectTest3, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli("https://yahoo.com");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("https://www.yahoo.com/", res->location);
}

TEST(YahooRedirectTest3, NewResultInterface_Online) {
  Client cli("https://yahoo.com");

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_FALSE(!res);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_FALSE(res == nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res != nullptr);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Success, res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res.value().status);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, (*res).status);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);

  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Success, res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res.value().status);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, (*res).status);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("https://www.yahoo.com/", res->location);
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
TEST(DecodeWithChunkedEncoding, BrotliEncoding_Online) {
  Client cli("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com");
  auto res = cli.Get("/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.js",
                     Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", "br"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(287630U, res->body.size());
  EXPECT_EQ("application/javascript; charset=utf-8",
            res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
}
#endif

// Previously "https://nghttp2.org" "/httpbin/redirect-to"
#undef REDIR_HOST // Silence compiler warning
#define REDIR_HOST "https://httpbingo.org"

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  auto res =
      cli.Get(REDIR_PATH "?url=http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com&status_code=302");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest2, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("url", "http://example.com");
  params.emplace("status_code", "302");

  auto res = cli.Get(REDIR_PATH, params, Headers{});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest3, SimpleInterface_Online) {
  Client cli(REDIR_HOST);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  Params params;
  params.emplace("url", "http://example.com");

  auto res = cli.Get(REDIR_PATH "?status_code=302", params, Headers{});
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(HttpToHttpsRedirectTest, CertFile) {
  auto ssl_port = PORT + 1;

  Server svr;
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("https://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(ssl_port) +
                     "/index");
    svr.stop();
  });

  SSLServer ssl_svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr.is_valid());
  ssl_svr.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
    ssl_svr.stop();
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  thread t2 =
      thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr.listen("127.0.0.1", ssl_port)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    t2.join();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();
  ssl_svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  cli.set_ca_cert_path(SERVER_CERT2_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/index");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(SSLClientRedirectTest, CertFile) {
  auto ssl_port = PORT + 1;

  SSLServer ssl_svr1(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr1.is_valid());
  ssl_svr1.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("https://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(ssl_port) +
                     "/index");
    ssl_svr1.stop();
  });

  SSLServer ssl_svr2(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr2.is_valid());
  ssl_svr2.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
    ssl_svr2.stop();
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr1.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  thread t2 =
      thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr2.listen("127.0.0.1", ssl_port)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    t2.join();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(ssl_svr1.is_running());
  });

  ssl_svr1.wait_until_ready();
  ssl_svr2.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/index");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
// Test that set_ca_cert_store() skips system certs (consistent with
// set_ca_cert_path behavior). When a custom cert store is set, only those certs
// should be trusted - system certs should NOT be loaded.
TEST(SSLClientTest, SetCaCertStoreSkipsSystemCerts_Online) {
  // Load a specific cert that is NOT a system CA cert
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);

  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  // This should FAIL because:
  // 1. We loaded only SERVER_CERT2 (a test cert, not a CA for google.com)
  // 2. System certs should NOT be loaded when custom store is set
  // If system certs WERE loaded, this would succeed
  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLServerVerification, res.error());
}

// Same as above, but through the native store handle path. Regression test:
// set_ca_cert_store() used to leave no trace on the client, so load_certs()
// merged system certs into the user-provided store.
TEST(SSLClientTest, SetCaCertStoreNativeSkipsSystemCerts_Online) {
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);

  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.set_ca_cert_store(tls::create_ca_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size()));
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::SSLServerVerification, res.error());
}

// A custom store set via the native handle must still verify a server whose
// cert it does contain.
TEST(SSLClientTest, SetCaCertStoreNativeVerifiesLocalServer) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  cli.set_ca_cert_store(tls::create_ca_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size()));
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// CA certs loaded through the universal Client must be transferred to the
// client created internally for following an HTTPS redirect. Regression test:
// Client::load_ca_cert_store() used to bypass the PEM-based path that stores
// the CA data for redirect transfer.
TEST(UniversalClientRedirectTest, LoadCaCertStore) {
  auto ssl_port = PORT + 1;

  SSLServer ssl_svr1(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr1.is_valid());
  ssl_svr1.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("https://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(ssl_port) +
                     "/index");
  });

  SSLServer ssl_svr2(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr2.is_valid());
  ssl_svr2.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr1.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  thread t2 =
      thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_svr2.listen("127.0.0.1", ssl_port)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    ssl_svr2.stop();
    ssl_svr1.stop();
    t2.join();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(ssl_svr1.is_running());
  });

  ssl_svr1.wait_until_ready();
  ssl_svr2.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("https://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(PORT));
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/index");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// enable_system_ca(true) loads system CA certs in addition to a custom CA,
// so a host signed by a system CA verifies even though a custom CA is set
TEST(SSLClientTest, EnableSystemCaWithCustomCa_Online) {
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);

  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_system_ca(true);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

// The custom CA remains effective when combined with the system CA
TEST(SSLClientTest, EnableSystemCaCustomCaVerifiesLocalServer) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_system_ca(true);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// Regression test: for IP hosts the Mbed TLS and wolfSSL backends used to
// skip chain verification entirely (only the certificate identity was
// checked), so a server presenting an untrusted certificate with a matching
// IP SAN was accepted. The chain must be validated for IP hosts too.
TEST(SSLClientTest, IpHostUntrustedChainFails) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", PORT);
  std::string cert;
  // A trusted CA that did not sign the server certificate. The server cert
  // (cert2) carries the matching IP SAN, so only chain validation can reject
  // this connection.
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, cert);
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
}

// enable_system_ca(false) prevents system CA loading entirely
TEST(SSLClientTest, DisableSystemCa_Online) {
  SSLClient cli("google.com");
  cli.enable_system_ca(false);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  // OpenSSL reports a verification failure; Mbed TLS fails the handshake
  // itself when the CA chain is empty
  EXPECT_TRUE(res.error() == Error::SSLServerVerification ||
              res.error() == Error::SSLConnection);
}

// The universal Client forwards enable_system_ca()
TEST(UniversalClientTest, EnableSystemCaWithCustomCa_Online) {
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);

  Client cli("https://google.com");
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_system_ca(true);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::MovedPermanently_301, res->status);
}

// The system CA policy must carry over to the client created internally for
// following a cross-host HTTPS redirect
TEST(UniversalClientRedirectTest, EnableSystemCaCarriesOver_Online) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.Get("/index", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("https://www.google.com/");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen("127.0.0.1", PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("https://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(PORT));
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  cli.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());
  cli.enable_system_ca(true);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(true);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  // Receiving any response proves the redirect client completed the TLS
  // handshake with a system-CA-signed host
  auto res = cli.Get("/index");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, LargeData) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                        const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) {
      std::vector<FormData> items;
      content_reader(
          [&](const FormData &file) {
            items.push_back(file);
            return true;
          },
          [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
            items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
            return true;
          });

      EXPECT_TRUE(std::string(items[0].name) == "document");
      EXPECT_EQ(size_t(1024 * 1024 * 2), items[0].content.size());
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].filename == "2MB_data");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].content_type == "application/octet-stream");

      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].name == "hello");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content == "world");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].filename == "");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content_type == "");
    } else {
      std::string body;
      content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '.');
    std::stringstream buffer;
    buffer << data;

    SSLClient cli(HOST, port);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

    UploadFormDataItems items{
        {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
        {"hello", "world", "", ""},
    };

    auto res = cli.Post("/post", items);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, DataProviderItems) {

  std::random_device seed_gen;
  std::mt19937 random(seed_gen());

  std::string rand1;
  rand1.resize(1000);
  std::generate(rand1.begin(), rand1.end(), [&]() { return random(); });

  std::string rand2;
  rand2.resize(3000);
  std::generate(rand2.begin(), rand2.end(), [&]() { return random(); });

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Post("/post-none", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                             const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_FALSE(req.is_multipart_form_data());

    std::string body;
    content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      body.append(data, data_length);
      return true;
    });

    EXPECT_EQ(body, "");
  });

  svr.Post("/post-items", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                              const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> items;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          items.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(items.size() == 2);

    EXPECT_EQ(std::string(items[0].name), "name1");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content, "Testing123");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].filename, "filename1");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content_type, "application/octet-stream");

    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].name, "name2");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content, "Testing456");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].filename, "");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content_type, "");
  });

  svr.Post("/post-providers", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                                  const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> items;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          items.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(items.size() == 2);

    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].name, "name3");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content, rand1);
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].filename, "filename3");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content_type, "");

    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].name, "name4");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content, rand2);
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].filename, "filename4");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content_type, "");
  });

  svr.Post("/post-both", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                             const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> items;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          items.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });

    ASSERT_TRUE(items.size() == 4);

    EXPECT_EQ(std::string(items[0].name), "name1");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content, "Testing123");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].filename, "filename1");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[0].content_type, "application/octet-stream");

    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].name, "name2");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content, "Testing456");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].filename, "");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[1].content_type, "");

    EXPECT_EQ(items[2].name, "name3");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[2].content, rand1);
    EXPECT_EQ(items[2].filename, "filename3");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[2].content_type, "");

    EXPECT_EQ(items[3].name, "name4");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[3].content, rand2);
    EXPECT_EQ(items[3].filename, "filename4");
    EXPECT_EQ(items[3].content_type, "");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

    UploadFormDataItems items{
        {"name1", "Testing123", "filename1", "application/octet-stream"},
        {"name2", "Testing456", "", ""}, // not a file
    };

    {
      auto res = cli.Post("/post-none", {}, {}, {});
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    }

    FormDataProviderItems providers;

    {
      auto res =
          cli.Post("/post-items", {}, items, providers); // empty providers
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    }

    providers.push_back({"name3",
                         [&](size_t offset, httplib::DataSink &sink) -> bool {
                           // test the offset is given correctly at each step
                           if (!offset)
                             sink.os.write(rand1.data(), 30);
                           else if (offset == 30)
                             sink.os.write(rand1.data() + 30, 300);
                           else if (offset == 330)
                             sink.os.write(rand1.data() + 330, 670);
                           else if (offset == rand1.size())
                             sink.done();
                           return true;
                         },
                         "filename3",
                         {}});

    providers.push_back({"name4",
                         [&](size_t offset, httplib::DataSink &sink) -> bool {
                           // test the offset is given correctly at each step
                           if (!offset)
                             sink.os.write(rand2.data(), 2000);
                           else if (offset == 2000)
                             sink.os.write(rand2.data() + 2000, 1);
                           else if (offset == 2001)
                             sink.os.write(rand2.data() + 2001, 999);
                           else if (offset == rand2.size())
                             sink.done();
                           return true;
                         },
                         "filename4",
                         {}});

    {
      auto res = cli.Post("/post-providers", {}, {}, providers);
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    }

    {
      auto res = cli.Post("/post-both", {}, items, providers);
      ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
      ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    }
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, BadHeader) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string body =
      "This is the preamble.  It is to be ignored, though it\r\n"
      "is a handy place for composition agents to include an\r\n"
      "explanatory note to non-MIME conformant readers.\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "--simple boundary\r\n"
      "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"field1\"\r\n"
      ": BAD...\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "value1\r\n"
      "--simple boundary\r\n"
      "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"field2\"; "
      "filename=\"example.txt\"\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "value2\r\n"
      "--simple boundary--\r\n"
      "This is the epilogue.  It is also to be ignored.\r\n";

  std::string content_type =
      R"(multipart/form-data; boundary="simple boundary")";

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Post("/post", body, content_type.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, WithPreamble) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string body =
      "This is the preamble.  It is to be ignored, though it\r\n"
      "is a handy place for composition agents to include an\r\n"
      "explanatory note to non-MIME conformant readers.\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "--simple boundary\r\n"
      "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"field1\"\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "value1\r\n"
      "--simple boundary\r\n"
      "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"field2\"; "
      "filename=\"example.txt\"\r\n"
      "\r\n"
      "value2\r\n"
      "--simple boundary--\r\n"
      "This is the epilogue.  It is also to be ignored.\r\n";

  std::string content_type =
      R"(multipart/form-data; boundary="simple boundary")";

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Post("/post", body, content_type.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PostCustomBoundary) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Post("/post_customboundary", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                                       const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) {
      std::vector<FormData> items;
      content_reader(
          [&](const FormData &file) {
            items.push_back(file);
            return true;
          },
          [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
            items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
            return true;
          });

      EXPECT_TRUE(std::string(items[0].name) == "document");
      EXPECT_EQ(size_t(1024 * 1024 * 2), items[0].content.size());
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].filename == "2MB_data");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].content_type == "application/octet-stream");

      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].name == "hello");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content == "world");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].filename == "");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content_type == "");
    } else {
      std::string body;
      content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '.');
    std::stringstream buffer;
    buffer << data;

    SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

    UploadFormDataItems items{
        {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
        {"hello", "world", "", ""},
    };

    auto res = cli.Post("/post_customboundary", {}, items, "abc-abc");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PostInvalidBoundaryChars) {
  std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '&');
  std::stringstream buffer;
  buffer << data;

  Client cli("https://localhost:8080");

  UploadFormDataItems items{
      {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
      {"hello", "world", "", ""},
  };

  for (const char &c : " \t\r\n") {
    auto res =
        cli.Post("/invalid_boundary", {}, items, string("abc123").append(1, c));
    ASSERT_EQ(Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars, res.error());
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PutFormData) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Put("/put", [&](const Request &req, const Response & /*res*/,
                      const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) {
      std::vector<FormData> items;
      content_reader(
          [&](const FormData &file) {
            items.push_back(file);
            return true;
          },
          [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
            items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
            return true;
          });

      EXPECT_TRUE(std::string(items[0].name) == "document");
      EXPECT_EQ(size_t(1024 * 1024 * 2), items[0].content.size());
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].filename == "2MB_data");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].content_type == "application/octet-stream");

      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].name == "hello");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content == "world");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].filename == "");
      EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content_type == "");
    } else {
      std::string body;
      content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
        body.append(data, data_length);
        return true;
      });
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '&');
    std::stringstream buffer;
    buffer << data;

    SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

    UploadFormDataItems items{
        {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
        {"hello", "world", "", ""},
    };

    auto res = cli.Put("/put", items);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PutFormDataCustomBoundary) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Put("/put_customboundary",
          [&](const Request &req, const Response & /*res*/,
              const ContentReader &content_reader) {
            if (req.is_multipart_form_data()) {
              std::vector<FormData> items;
              content_reader(
                  [&](const FormData &file) {
                    items.push_back(file);
                    return true;
                  },
                  [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                    items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
                    return true;
                  });

              EXPECT_TRUE(std::string(items[0].name) == "document");
              EXPECT_EQ(size_t(1024 * 1024 * 2), items[0].content.size());
              EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].filename == "2MB_data");
              EXPECT_TRUE(items[0].content_type == "application/octet-stream");

              EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].name == "hello");
              EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content == "world");
              EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].filename == "");
              EXPECT_TRUE(items[1].content_type == "");
            } else {
              std::string body;
              content_reader([&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
                body.append(data, data_length);
                return true;
              });
            }
          });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '&');
    std::stringstream buffer;
    buffer << data;

    SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

    UploadFormDataItems items{
        {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
        {"hello", "world", "", ""},
    };

    auto res = cli.Put("/put_customboundary", {}, items, "abc-abc_");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, PutInvalidBoundaryChars) {
  std::string data(1024 * 1024 * 2, '&');
  std::stringstream buffer;
  buffer << data;

  Client cli("https://localhost:8080");
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  UploadFormDataItems items{
      {"document", buffer.str(), "2MB_data", "application/octet-stream"},
      {"hello", "world", "", ""},
  };

  for (const char &c : " \t\r\n") {
    auto res = cli.Put("/put", {}, items, string("abc123").append(1, c));
    ASSERT_EQ(Error::UnsupportedMultipartBoundaryChars, res.error());
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
  }
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, AlternateFilename) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, req.form.files.size());
    ASSERT_EQ(1u, req.form.fields.size());

    // Test files
    const auto &file1 = req.form.get_file("file1");
    ASSERT_EQ("file1", file1.name);
    ASSERT_EQ("A.txt", file1.filename);
    ASSERT_EQ("text/plain", file1.content_type);
    ASSERT_EQ("Content of a.txt.\r\n", file1.content);

    const auto &file2 = req.form.get_file("file2");
    ASSERT_EQ("file2", file2.name);
    ASSERT_EQ("a.html", file2.filename);
    ASSERT_EQ("text/html", file2.content_type);
    ASSERT_EQ("<!DOCTYPE html><title>Content of a.html.</title>\r\n",
              file2.content);

    // Test text field
    const auto &text = req.form.get_field("text");
    ASSERT_EQ("text default", text);

    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");

    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 399\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text\"\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text default\r\n"
             "----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; filename*=\"UTF-8''%41.txt\"; "
             "filename=\"a.txt\"; name=\"file1\"\r\n"
             "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "Content of a.txt.\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data;  name=\"file2\" ;filename = "
             "\"a.html\"\r\n"
             "Content-Type: text/html\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "<!DOCTYPE html><title>Content of a.html.</title>\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "------------\r\n";

  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, AlternateFilenameLongValueAndCaseInsensitive) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    // Case-insensitive "utf-8''" prefix with a long value
    const auto &file = req.form.get_file("file1");
    ASSERT_EQ("file1", file.name);
    // 8000 chars exercises both the Content-Disposition parser and the
    // filename* parser near the CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_LENGTH limit (8192).
    // Prior to the fix, std::regex_match on this header would cause O(N)
    // stack recursion in libstdc++, leading to SIGSEGV.
    std::string expected_filename(8000, 'A');
    ASSERT_EQ(expected_filename, file.filename);

    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Build body with a long filename* value using mixed-case prefix "Utf-8''"
  // Regression test for GHSA-qq6v-r583-3h69
  std::string long_filename(8000, 'A');
  std::string body = "----------\r\n"
                     "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"file1\"; "
                     "filename*=\"Utf-8''" +
                     long_filename +
                     "\"\r\n"
                     "\r\n"
                     "hello\r\n"
                     "------------\r\n";

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
             "Content-Length: " +
             std::to_string(body.size()) + "\r\n\r\n" + body;

  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, CloseDelimiterWithoutCRLF) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, req.form.fields.size());

    const auto &text1 = req.form.get_field("text1");
    ASSERT_EQ("text1", text1);

    const auto &text2 = req.form.get_field("text2");
    ASSERT_EQ("text2", text2);

    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 146\r\n"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text1\"\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text1"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text2\"\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text2"
             "\r\n------------";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, ContentLength) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, req.form.fields.size());

    const auto &text1 = req.form.get_field("text1");
    ASSERT_EQ("text1", text1);

    const auto &text2 = req.form.get_field("text2");
    ASSERT_EQ("text2", text2);

    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 167\r\n"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text1\"\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text1"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text2\"\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text2"
             "\r\n------------\r\n";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, AccessPartHeaders) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    ASSERT_EQ(2u, req.form.fields.size());

    const auto &text1 = req.form.get_field("text1");
    ASSERT_EQ("text1", text1);
    // TODO: Add header access for text fields if needed

    const auto &text2 = req.form.get_field("text2");
    ASSERT_EQ("text2", text2);
    // TODO: Header access for text fields needs to be implemented
    // auto &headers = it->second.headers;
    // ASSERT_EQ(3U, headers.size());
    // auto custom_header = headers.find("x-whatever");
    // ASSERT_TRUE(custom_header != headers.end());
    // ASSERT_NE("customvalue", custom_header->second);
    // ASSERT_EQ("CustomValue", custom_header->second);
    // ASSERT_TRUE(headers.find("X-Test") == headers.end()); // text1 header

    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=--------\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 232\r\n"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text1\"\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
             "X-Test: 1\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text1"
             "\r\n----------\r\n"
             "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"text2\"\r\n"
             "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
             "X-Whatever: CustomValue\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "text2"
             "\r\n------------\r\n"
             "That should be disregarded. Not even read";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, LargeHeader) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &) {
    ASSERT_EQ(1u, req.form.fields.size());

    const auto &text = req.form.get_field("name1");
    ASSERT_EQ("text1", text);

    handled = true;
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto boundary = std::string("cpp-httplib-multipart-data");
  std::string content = "--" + boundary +
                        "\r\n"
                        "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"name1\"\r\n"
                        "\r\n"
                        "text1\r\n"
                        "--" +
                        boundary + "--\r\n";
  std::string header_prefix = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                              "Content-Type: multipart/form-data;boundary=" +
                              boundary +
                              "\r\n"
                              "Content-Length: " +
                              std::to_string(content.size()) +
                              "\r\n"
                              "Dummy-Header: ";
  std::string header_suffix = "\r\n"
                              "\r\n";
  size_t read_buff_size = 1024u * 4; // SocketStream::read_buff_size_
  size_t header_dummy_size =
      read_buff_size -
      (header_prefix.size() + header_suffix.size() + boundary.size() / 2);
  auto header_dummy = std::string(header_dummy_size, '@');
  auto req = header_prefix + header_dummy + header_suffix + content;

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("200", response.substr(9, 3));
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, UploadItemsHasContentLength) {
  // Verify that Post(path, headers, UploadFormDataItems) sends Content-Length
  // (not chunked Transfer-Encoding) after the streaming refactor.
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/upload", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    auto cl_it = req.headers.find("Content-Length");
    EXPECT_TRUE(cl_it != req.headers.end());
    auto te_it = req.headers.find("Transfer-Encoding");
    EXPECT_TRUE(te_it == req.headers.end());
    EXPECT_EQ(2u, req.form.fields.size() + req.form.files.size());
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
    handled = true;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  UploadFormDataItems items = {
      {"field1", "hello", "", "text/plain"},
      {"file1", "world", "test.txt", "application/octet-stream"},
  };

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  auto res = cli.Post("/upload", {}, items);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, ContentProviderCoalescesWrites) {
  // Verify that make_multipart_content_provider coalesces many small segments
  // into fewer sink.write() calls to avoid TCP packet fragmentation (#2410).
  constexpr size_t kItemCount = 1000;

  UploadFormDataItems items;
  items.reserve(kItemCount);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < kItemCount; i++) {
    items.push_back(
        {"field" + std::to_string(i), "value" + std::to_string(i), "", ""});
  }

  const std::string boundary = "----test-boundary";
  auto content_length = detail::get_multipart_content_length(items, boundary);
  auto provider = detail::make_multipart_content_provider(items, boundary);

  // Drive the provider the same way write_content_with_progress does
  size_t write_count = 0;
  size_t total_bytes = 0;

  DataSink sink;
  size_t offset = 0;
  sink.write = [&](const char *d, size_t l) -> bool {
    (void)d;
    write_count++;
    total_bytes += l;
    offset += l;
    return true;
  };
  sink.is_writable = []() -> bool { return true; };

  while (offset < content_length) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(provider(offset, content_length - offset, sink));
  }

  EXPECT_EQ(content_length, total_bytes);

  // The total number of segments is 3 * kItemCount + 1 = 3001.
  // With buffering into 64KB blocks, write_count should be much smaller.
  auto segment_count = 3 * kItemCount + 1;
  EXPECT_LT(write_count, segment_count / 10);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, ManyItemsEndToEnd) {
  // Integration test: send many UploadFormDataItems and verify the server
  // receives all of them correctly (#2410).
  constexpr size_t kItemCount = 500;

  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/upload", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(kItemCount, req.form.fields.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < kItemCount; i++) {
      auto key = "field" + std::to_string(i);
      auto val = "value" + std::to_string(i);
      auto it = req.form.fields.find(key);
      if (it != req.form.fields.end()) {
        EXPECT_EQ(val, it->second.content);
      } else {
        ADD_FAILURE() << "Missing field: " << key;
      }
    }
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
    handled = true;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  UploadFormDataItems items;
  items.reserve(kItemCount);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < kItemCount; i++) {
    items.push_back(
        {"field" + std::to_string(i), "value" + std::to_string(i), "", ""});
  }

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  auto res = cli.Post("/upload", items);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, MakeFileProvider) {
  // Verify make_file_provider sends a file's contents correctly.
  const std::string file_content(4096, 'Z');
  const std::string tmp_path = "./httplib_test_make_file_provider.bin";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(tmp_path, std::ios::binary);
    ofs.write(file_content.data(),
              static_cast<std::streamsize>(file_content.size()));
  }

  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/upload", [&](const Request &req, Response & /*res*/,
                          const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    ASSERT_TRUE(req.is_multipart_form_data());
    std::vector<FormData> items;
    content_reader(
        [&](const FormData &file) {
          items.push_back(file);
          return true;
        },
        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
          items.back().content.append(data, data_length);
          return true;
        });
    ASSERT_EQ(1u, items.size());
    EXPECT_EQ("myfile", items[0].name);
    EXPECT_EQ("data.bin", items[0].filename);
    EXPECT_EQ("application/octet-stream", items[0].content_type);
    EXPECT_EQ(file_content, items[0].content);
    handled = true;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
    std::remove(tmp_path.c_str());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  FormDataProviderItems providers;
  providers.push_back(make_file_provider("myfile", tmp_path, "data.bin",
                                         "application/octet-stream"));

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  auto res = cli.Post("/upload", {}, {}, providers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(MultipartFormDataTest, ExcessivePartHeaders) {
  // Verify that a multipart part with more than CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT
  // (100) headers is rejected with a 400 Bad Request response.
  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Build a multipart part with 101 custom headers (exceeding
  // CPPHTTPLIB_HEADER_MAX_COUNT=100)
  std::stringstream body;
  body << "--simpleboundary\r\n"
       << "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"field1\"\r\n";
  for (int i = 0; i < 101; i++) {
    body << "X-Custom-Header-" << i << ": value\r\n";
  }
  body << "\r\n"
       << "value1\r\n"
       << "--simpleboundary--\r\n";

  std::string content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=simpleboundary";

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Post("/post", body.str(), content_type.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
}

TEST(MakeFileBodyTest, Basic) {
  const std::string file_content(4096, 'Z');
  const std::string tmp_path = "./httplib_test_make_file_body.bin";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(tmp_path, std::ios::binary);
    ofs.write(file_content.data(),
              static_cast<std::streamsize>(file_content.size()));
  }

  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/upload", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(file_content, req.body);
    handled = true;
    res.status = StatusCode::OK_200;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  auto t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
    std::remove(tmp_path.c_str());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto fb = make_file_body(tmp_path);
  ASSERT_GT(fb.first, 0u);

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  auto res =
      cli.Post("/upload", fb.first, fb.second, "application/octet-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

TEST(TaskQueueTest, IncreaseAtomicInteger) {
  static constexpr unsigned int number_of_tasks{1000000};
  std::atomic_uint count{0};
  std::unique_ptr<TaskQueue> task_queue{
      new ThreadPool{CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT}};

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < number_of_tasks; ++i) {
    auto queued = task_queue->enqueue(
        [&count] { count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); });
    EXPECT_TRUE(queued);
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  task_queue->shutdown();
#else
  EXPECT_NO_THROW(task_queue->shutdown());
#endif
  EXPECT_EQ(number_of_tasks, count.load());
}

TEST(TaskQueueTest, IncreaseAtomicIntegerWithQueueLimit) {
  static constexpr unsigned int number_of_tasks{1000000};
  static constexpr unsigned int qlimit{2};
  unsigned int queued_count{0};
  std::atomic_uint count{0};
  std::unique_ptr<TaskQueue> task_queue{
      new ThreadPool{/*num_threads=*/1, /*max_threads=*/1, qlimit}};

  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < number_of_tasks; ++i) {
    if (task_queue->enqueue(
            [&count] { count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed); })) {
      queued_count++;
    }
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  task_queue->shutdown();
#else
  EXPECT_NO_THROW(task_queue->shutdown());
#endif
  EXPECT_EQ(queued_count, count.load());
  EXPECT_TRUE(queued_count <= number_of_tasks);
  EXPECT_TRUE(queued_count >= qlimit);
}

TEST(TaskQueueTest, IdleTimeoutAtRuntime) {
  // Use a short idle timeout so a dynamic thread spawns, times out and
  // exits during the test, and the pool keeps working afterwards.
  std::unique_ptr<TaskQueue> task_queue{new ThreadPool{
      /*num_threads=*/1, /*max_threads=*/2, /*max_queued_requests=*/0,
      /*idle_timeout_sec=*/1}};

  std::atomic_uint count{0};
  std::condition_variable cv;
  std::mutex mtx;
  bool release = false;

  // Block the base thread so the second task spawns a dynamic thread.
  EXPECT_TRUE(task_queue->enqueue([&] {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    while (!release) {
      cv.wait(lock);
    }
    count++;
  }));
  EXPECT_TRUE(task_queue->enqueue([&] { count++; }));

  // Let the dynamic thread finish its task and exceed the idle timeout.
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1500));

  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    release = true;
  }
  cv.notify_all();

  // The pool must still accept and run tasks after the dynamic thread exited.
  EXPECT_TRUE(task_queue->enqueue([&] { count++; }));

  task_queue->shutdown();
  EXPECT_EQ(3u, count.load());
}

TEST(TaskQueueTest, MaxQueuedRequests) {
  static constexpr unsigned int qlimit{3};
  std::unique_ptr<TaskQueue> task_queue{new ThreadPool{1, 1, qlimit}};
  std::condition_variable sem_cv;
  std::mutex sem_mtx;
  int credits = 0;
  bool queued;

  /* Fill up the queue with tasks that will block until we give them credits to
   * complete. */
  for (unsigned int n = 0; n <= qlimit;) {
    queued = task_queue->enqueue([&sem_mtx, &sem_cv, &credits] {
      std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(sem_mtx);
      while (credits <= 0) {
        sem_cv.wait(lock);
      }
      /* Consume the credit and signal the test code if they are all gone. */
      if (--credits == 0) { sem_cv.notify_one(); }
    });

    if (n < qlimit) {
      /* The first qlimit enqueues must succeed. */
      EXPECT_TRUE(queued);
    } else {
      /* The last one will succeed only when the worker thread
       * starts and dequeues the first blocking task. Although
       * not necessary for the correctness of this test, we sleep for
       * a short while to avoid busy waiting. */
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
    }
    if (queued) { n++; }
  }

  /* Further enqueues must fail since the queue is full. */
  for (auto i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    queued = task_queue->enqueue([] {});
    EXPECT_FALSE(queued);
  }

  /* Give the credits to allow the previous tasks to complete. */
  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(sem_mtx);
    credits += qlimit + 1;
  }
  sem_cv.notify_all();

  /* Wait for all the credits to be consumed. */
  {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(sem_mtx);
    while (credits > 0) {
      sem_cv.wait(lock);
    }
  }

  /* Check that we are able again to enqueue at least qlimit tasks. */
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < qlimit; i++) {
    queued = task_queue->enqueue([] {});
    EXPECT_TRUE(queued);
  }

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  task_queue->shutdown();
#else
  EXPECT_NO_THROW(task_queue->shutdown());
#endif
}

TEST(RedirectTest, RedirectToUrlWithQueryParameters) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect(R"(/hello?key=val%26key2%3Dval2)");
  });

  svr.Get("/hello", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.get_param_value("key"), "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_follow_location(true);

    auto res = cli.Get("/");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("val&key2=val2", res->body);
  }
}
#endif

TEST(RedirectTest, RedirectToUrlWithPlusInQueryParameters) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect(R"(/hello?key=AByz09+~-._%20%26%3F%C3%BC%2B)");
  });

  svr.Get("/hello", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.get_param_value("key"), "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_follow_location(true);

    auto res = cli.Get("/");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("AByz09 ~-._ &?ü+", res->body);
  }
}

TEST(RedirectTest, RedirectWithPlusInPath) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_redirect("/a+b");
  });

  // Route pattern uses regex; escape + as \\+
  svr.Get(R"(/a\+b)", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.path, "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.set_follow_location(true);

    auto res = cli.Get("/");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ("/a+b", res->body);
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(RedirectTest, Issue2185_Online) {
  SSLClient client("github.com");
  client.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = client.Get("/Coollab-Art/Coollab/releases/download/1.1.1_UI-Scale/"
                        "Coollab-Windows.zip");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(9920427U, res->body.size());
}
#endif

TEST(VulnerabilityTest, CRLFInjection) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/test1", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello 1", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Delete("/test2", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello 2", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Put("/test3", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello 3", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Patch("/test4", [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Hello 4", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.set_logger([](const Request &req, const Response & /*res*/) {
    for (const auto &x : req.headers) {
      auto key = x.first;
      EXPECT_STRNE("evil", key.c_str());
    }
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    Client cli(HOST, PORT);

    cli.Post("/test1", "A=B",
             "application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\nevil: hello1");
    cli.Delete("/test2", "A=B", "text/plain\r\nevil: hello2");
    cli.Put("/test3", "text", "text/plain\r\nevil: hello3");
    cli.Patch("/test4", "content", "text/plain\r\nevil: hello4");
  }
}

TEST(VulnerabilityTest, CRLFInjectionInHeaders) {
  auto server_thread = std::thread([] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(PORT + 1));
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);
    ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr));
    ::listen(srv, 1);

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    detail::set_socket_opt_time(cli, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 1, 0);

    std::string buf_all;
    char buf[2048];
    ssize_t n;

    while ((n = ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0)) > 0) {
      buf_all.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));

      size_t pos;
      while ((pos = buf_all.find("\r\n\r\n")) != std::string::npos) {
        auto request_block = buf_all.substr(0, pos + 4); // include separator

        auto e = request_block.find("\r\n");
        if (e != std::string::npos) {
          auto request_line = request_block.substr(0, e);
          std::string msg =
              "CRLF injection detected in request line: '" + request_line + "'";
          EXPECT_FALSE(true) << msg;
        }

        std::string resp = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 5\r\n\r\nHello";

        ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
               static_cast<const char *>(resp.c_str()),
               static_cast<int>(resp.size()),
#else
               resp.c_str(), resp.size(),
#endif
               0);

        buf_all.erase(0, pos + 4);
      }
    }

    detail::close_socket(cli);
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));

  auto cli = Client("127.0.0.1", PORT + 1);

  auto headers = Headers{
      {"A", "B\r\n\r\nGET /pwned HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: 127.0.0.1:1234\r\n\r\n"},
      {"Connection", "keep-alive"}};

  auto res = cli.Get("/hi", headers);
  EXPECT_FALSE(res);
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::InvalidHeaders, res.error());

  server_thread.join();
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, StaticMatch) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/all";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/all";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, StaticMismatch) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/all";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/1";
  ASSERT_FALSE(matcher.match(request));
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, SingleParamInTheMiddle) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id/subscriptions";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/42/subscriptions";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {{"id", "42"}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, SingleParamInTheEnd) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/24";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {{"id", "24"}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, SingleParamInTheEndTrailingSlash) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id/";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/42/";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));
  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {{"id", "42"}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, EmptyParam) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id/";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users//";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {{"id", ""}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, FragmentMismatch) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id/";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/admins/24/";
  ASSERT_FALSE(matcher.match(request));
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, ExtraFragments) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/42/subscriptions";
  ASSERT_FALSE(matcher.match(request));
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, MissingTrailingParam) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users";
  ASSERT_FALSE(matcher.match(request));
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, MissingParamInTheMiddle) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:id/subscriptions";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/subscriptions";
  ASSERT_FALSE(matcher.match(request));
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, MultipleParams) {
  const auto pattern = "/users/:userid/subscriptions/:subid";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/users/42/subscriptions/2";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {
      {"userid", "42"}, {"subid", "2"}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, SequenceOfParams) {
  const auto pattern = "/values/:x/:y/:z";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/values/1/2/3";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {
      {"x", "1"}, {"y", "2"}, {"z", "3"}};

  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(PathParamsTest, SemicolonInTheMiddleIsNotAParam) {
  const auto pattern = "/prefix:suffix";
  detail::PathParamsMatcher matcher(pattern);

  Request request;
  request.path = "/prefix:suffix";
  ASSERT_TRUE(matcher.match(request));

  const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> expected_params = {};
  EXPECT_EQ(request.path_params, expected_params);
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, VariousPatterns) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://example.com:8080/path?q=1#frag", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("http", uc.scheme);
    EXPECT_EQ("example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("8080", uc.port);
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
    EXPECT_EQ("?q=1", uc.query);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("https://example.com/path", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("https", uc.scheme);
    EXPECT_EQ("example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.port.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://[::1]:8080/path", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("::1", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("8080", uc.port);
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("http://[::1/path", uc));
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("//example.com/path?q=1", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.scheme.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
    EXPECT_EQ("?q=1", uc.query);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("/path?q=1", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.host.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
    EXPECT_EQ("?q=1", uc.query);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("example.com:8080", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("8080", uc.port);
  }
  {
    // Unix socket path — must not be parsed as host
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("./httplib-server.sock", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.host.empty());
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.host.empty());
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.path.empty());
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("HTTP://example.com/path", uc));
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("h2://example.com/path", uc));
  }
  {
    // Accepted by parse_url; callers restrict to http/https
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("ftp://example.com/", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("ftp", uc.scheme);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("http://[::1<script>]/path", uc));
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("http://[]/path", uc));
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, FragmentHandling) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://example.com/path#frag", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.query.empty());
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("#frag", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.path.empty());
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.query.empty());
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, UserinfoHandling) {
  // Userinfo with @ but no colon — host includes @
  detail::UrlComponents uc;
  ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://user@host.com/path", uc));
  EXPECT_EQ("user@host.com", uc.host);
  EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, IPv6EdgeCases) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("[::1]:8080", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.scheme.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("::1", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("8080", uc.port);
  }
  {
    // Zone ID '%25' is not in [a-fA-F0-9:]
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("http://[fe80::1%25eth0]:443/path", uc));
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, SchemeEdgeCases) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("://evil.com/path", uc));
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("ht-tp://evil.com/path", uc));
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_FALSE(detail::parse_url("h.t://evil.com/path", uc));
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, PortEdgeCases) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://example.com:/path", uc));
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.port.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
  }
  {
    // parse_url accepts any port string; validation is done by parse_port
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("http://example.com:abc/path", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("abc", uc.port);
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, WebSocketPatterns) {
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("ws://echo.example.com:8080/ws", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("ws", uc.scheme);
    EXPECT_EQ("echo.example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_EQ("8080", uc.port);
    EXPECT_EQ("/ws", uc.path);
  }
  {
    detail::UrlComponents uc;
    ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("wss://echo.example.com/ws", uc));
    EXPECT_EQ("wss", uc.scheme);
    EXPECT_EQ("echo.example.com", uc.host);
    EXPECT_TRUE(uc.port.empty());
    EXPECT_EQ("/ws", uc.path);
  }
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, QueryOnly) {
  detail::UrlComponents uc;
  ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("?q=1&r=2", uc));
  EXPECT_TRUE(uc.host.empty());
  EXPECT_TRUE(uc.path.empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("?q=1&r=2", uc.query);
}

TEST(ParseUrlTest, SchemeRelativeWithPort) {
  detail::UrlComponents uc;
  ASSERT_TRUE(detail::parse_url("//example.com:443/path", uc));
  EXPECT_TRUE(uc.scheme.empty());
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com", uc.host);
  EXPECT_EQ("443", uc.port);
  EXPECT_EQ("/path", uc.path);
}

TEST(UniversalClientImplTest, Ipv6LiteralAddress) {
  // If ipv6 regex working, regex match codepath is taken.
  // else port will default to 80 in Client impl
  int clientImplMagicPort = 80;
  int port = 4321;
  // above ports must be different to avoid false negative
  EXPECT_NE(clientImplMagicPort, port);

  std::string ipV6TestURL = "http://[ff06::c3]";

  Client cli(ipV6TestURL + ":" + std::to_string(port), CLIENT_CERT_FILE,
             CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  EXPECT_EQ(cli.port(), port);
}

TEST(FileSystemTest, FileAndDirExistenceCheck) {
  auto file_path = "./www/dir/index.html";
  auto dir_path = "./www/dir";

  detail::FileStat stat_file(file_path);
  EXPECT_TRUE(stat_file.is_file());
  EXPECT_FALSE(stat_file.is_dir());

  detail::FileStat stat_dir(dir_path);
  EXPECT_FALSE(stat_dir.is_file());
  EXPECT_TRUE(stat_dir.is_dir());
}

TEST(MakeHostAndPortStringTest, VariousPatterns) {
  // IPv4 with default HTTP port (80)
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 80, false));

  // IPv4 with default HTTPS port (443)
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 443, true));

  // IPv4 with non-default HTTP port
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 8080, false));

  // IPv4 with non-default HTTPS port
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:8443",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 8443, true));

  // IPv6 with default HTTP port (80)
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]", detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 80, false));

  // IPv6 with default HTTPS port (443)
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]", detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 443, true));

  // IPv6 with non-default HTTP port
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 8080, false));

  // IPv6 with non-default HTTPS port
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:8443", detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 8443, true));

  // IPv6 full address with default port
  EXPECT_EQ("[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string(
                "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334", 443, true));

  // IPv6 full address with non-default port
  EXPECT_EQ("[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:9000",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string(
                "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334", 9000, false));

  // IPv6 localhost with non-default port
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:3000",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 3000, false));

  // IPv6 with zone ID (link-local address) with default port
  EXPECT_EQ("[fe80::1%eth0]",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("fe80::1%eth0", 80, false));

  // IPv6 with zone ID (link-local address) with non-default port
  EXPECT_EQ("[fe80::1%eth0]:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("fe80::1%eth0", 8080, false));

  // Edge case: Port 443 with is_ssl=false (should add port)
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:443",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 443, false));

  // Edge case: Port 80 with is_ssl=true (should add port)
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:80",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 80, true));

  // IPv6 edge case: Port 443 with is_ssl=false (should add port)
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:443", detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 443, false));

  // IPv6 edge case: Port 80 with is_ssl=true (should add port)
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:80", detail::make_host_and_port_string("::1", 80, true));

  // Security fix: Already bracketed IPv6 should not get double brackets
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]", detail::make_host_and_port_string("[::1]", 80, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]", detail::make_host_and_port_string("[::1]", 443, true));
  EXPECT_EQ("[::1]:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("[::1]", 8080, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("[2001:db8::1]:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("[2001:db8::1]", 8080, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("[fe80::1%eth0]",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("[fe80::1%eth0]", 80, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("[fe80::1%eth0]:8080",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("[fe80::1%eth0]", 8080, false));

  // Edge case: Empty host (should return as-is)
  EXPECT_EQ("", detail::make_host_and_port_string("", 80, false));

  // Edge case: Colon in hostname (non-IPv6) - will be treated as IPv6
  // This is a known limitation but shouldn't crash
  EXPECT_EQ("[host:name]",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("host:name", 80, false));

  // Port number edge cases (no validation, but should not crash)
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:0",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 0, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:-1",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", -1, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:65535",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 65535, false));
  EXPECT_EQ("example.com:65536",
            detail::make_host_and_port_string("example.com", 65536, false));
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(SSLClientHostHeaderTest, Issue2301_Online) {
  httplib::SSLClient cli("roblox.com", 443);
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}
#endif

TEST(DirtyDataRequestTest, HeadFieldValueContains_CR_LF_NUL) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(res.status, 400);
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.Get("/test", Headers{{"Test", "_\n\r_\n\r_"}});
}

TEST(InvalidHeaderCharsTest, is_field_name) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_name("exampleToken"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_name("token123"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_name("!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~"));

  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("example token"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name(" example_token"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("example_token "));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("token@123"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name(""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("example\rtoken"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("example\ntoken"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name(std::string("\0", 1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_name("example\ttoken"));
}

TEST(InvalidHeaderCharsTest, is_field_value) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("exampleToken"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("token123"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("!#$%&'*+-.^_`|~"));

  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("example token"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_value(" example_token"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_value("example_token "));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("token@123"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value(""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_value("example\rtoken"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_value("example\ntoken"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(detail::fields::is_field_value(std::string("\0", 1)));
  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("example\ttoken"));

  EXPECT_TRUE(detail::fields::is_field_value("0"));
}

TEST(InvalidHeaderCharsTest, OnServer) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/test_name", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    std::string header = "Not Set";
    if (req.has_param("header")) { header = req.get_param_value("header"); }

    res.set_header(header, "value");
    res.set_content("Page Content Page Content", "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Get("/test_value", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    std::string header = "Not Set";
    if (req.has_param("header")) { header = req.get_param_value("header"); }

    res.set_header("X-Test", header);
    res.set_content("Page Content Page Content", "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  {
    auto res = cli.Get(
        R"(/test_name?header=Value%00%0d%0aHEADER_KEY%3aHEADER_VALUE%0d%0a%0d%0aBODY_BODY_BODY)");

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("Page Content Page Content", res->body);
    EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_header("HEADER_KEY"));
  }
  {
    auto res = cli.Get(
        R"(/test_value?header=Value%00%0d%0aHEADER_KEY%3aHEADER_VALUE%0d%0a%0d%0aBODY_BODY_BODY)");

    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ("Page Content Page Content", res->body);
    EXPECT_FALSE(res->has_header("HEADER_KEY"));
  }
}

TEST(InvalidHeaderValueTest, InvalidContentLength) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &) { handled = true; });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_FALSE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Length: x\r\n"
             "\r\n";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request",
            response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n")));
}

#ifndef _WIN32
TEST(Expect100ContinueTest, ServerClosesConnection) {
  static constexpr char reject[] = "Unauthorized";
  static constexpr char accept[] = "Upload accepted";
  constexpr size_t total_size = 10 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024ULL;

  Server svr;

  svr.set_expect_100_continue_handler(
      [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
        res.status = StatusCode::Unauthorized_401;
        res.set_content(reject, "text/plain");
        return res.status;
      });
  svr.Post("/", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(accept, "text/plain");
  });

  auto thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    const auto curl = std::unique_ptr<CURL, decltype(&curl_easy_cleanup)>{
        curl_easy_init(), &curl_easy_cleanup};
    ASSERT_NE(curl, nullptr);

    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, HOST);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_PORT, PORT);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_POST, 1L);
    auto list = std::unique_ptr<curl_slist, decltype(&curl_slist_free_all)>{
        curl_slist_append(nullptr, "Content-Type: application/octet-stream"),
        &curl_slist_free_all};
    ASSERT_NE(list, nullptr);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, list.get());

    struct read_data {
      size_t read_size;
      size_t total_size;
    } data = {0, total_size};
    using read_callback_t =
        size_t (*)(char *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userdata);
    read_callback_t read_callback = [](char *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
                                       void *userdata) -> size_t {
      read_data *d = (read_data *)userdata;

      if (!userdata || d->read_size >= d->total_size) { return 0; }

      std::fill_n(ptr, size * nmemb, 'A');
      d->read_size += size * nmemb;
      return size * nmemb;
    };
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_READDATA, data);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, read_callback);

    std::vector<char> buffer;
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &buffer);
    using write_callback_t =
        size_t (*)(char *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userdata);
    write_callback_t write_callback = [](char *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb,
                                         void *userdata) -> size_t {
      std::vector<char> *buf = (std::vector<char> *)userdata;
      buf->reserve(buf->size() + size * nmemb + 1);
      buf->insert(buf->end(), (char *)ptr, (char *)ptr + size * nmemb);
      return size * nmemb;
    };
    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_callback);

    {
      const auto res = curl_easy_perform(curl.get());
      ASSERT_EQ(res, CURLE_OK);
    }

    {
      auto response_code = long{};
      const auto res =
          curl_easy_getinfo(curl.get(), CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &response_code);
      ASSERT_EQ(res, CURLE_OK);
      ASSERT_EQ(response_code, StatusCode::Unauthorized_401);
    }

    {
      auto dl = curl_off_t{};
      const auto res =
          curl_easy_getinfo(curl.get(), CURLINFO_SIZE_DOWNLOAD_T, &dl);
      ASSERT_EQ(res, CURLE_OK);
      ASSERT_EQ(dl, (curl_off_t)sizeof reject - 1);
    }

    {
      buffer.push_back('\0');
      ASSERT_STRCASEEQ(buffer.data(), reject);
    }
  }
}
#endif

#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT) && !defined(_WIN32)
// Regression test for #2458.
//
// A large request body (>= CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD) makes the client
// auto-add `Expect: 100-continue`. Over TLS, the server's TLS 1.3 session
// ticket can make the client socket spuriously readable during the
// 100-continue wait. If the readiness is mistaken for an incoming response,
// the client withholds the body and then blocks reading a response that never
// comes, failing with `Failed to read connection`.
//
// A correct client (like curl) sends the body once no `100 Continue` arrives
// within the timeout. This raw OpenSSL server deliberately never sends
// `100 Continue`; the client must still deliver the body and receive 200.
TEST(Expect100ContinueTest, TLSServerOmits100Continue) {
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);

  const auto port = PORT + 4;

  auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  ASSERT_NE(srv, INVALID_SOCKET);

  int opt = 1;
  ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &opt, sizeof(opt));

  sockaddr_in addr{};
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_port = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(port));
  ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)));
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::listen(srv, 1));

  std::atomic<size_t> server_body_bytes{0};

  auto server_thread = std::thread([&] {
    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);
    if (cli == INVALID_SOCKET) { return; }

    // Bound the lifetime of the server side so a buggy client (which never
    // sends the body) cannot make this thread block forever on join.
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(cli, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 4, 0);

    SSL_CTX *ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_server_method());
    SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, TLS1_3_VERSION);
    SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(ctx, SERVER_CERT_FILE, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM);
    SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ctx, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, SSL_FILETYPE_PEM);

    SSL *ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
    SSL_set_fd(ssl, static_cast<int>(cli));

    if (SSL_accept(ssl) > 0) {
      // Read the request headers. Reading here also flushes the TLS 1.3
      // session tickets to the client. Deliberately do NOT send
      // `100 Continue`.
      std::string buf;
      char tmp[1024];
      while (buf.find("\r\n\r\n") == std::string::npos) {
        auto n = SSL_read(ssl, tmp, sizeof(tmp));
        if (n <= 0) { break; }
        buf.append(tmp, static_cast<size_t>(n));
      }

      // A correct client sends the body now; count what arrives.
      auto pos = buf.find("\r\n\r\n");
      size_t body = (pos == std::string::npos) ? 0 : buf.size() - (pos + 4);
      while (body < 4096) {
        auto n = SSL_read(ssl, tmp, sizeof(tmp));
        if (n <= 0) { break; }
        body += static_cast<size_t>(n);
      }
      server_body_bytes = body;

      std::string resp = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Length: 2\r\n\r\nok";
      SSL_write(ssl, resp.data(), static_cast<int>(resp.size()));
      SSL_shutdown(ssl);
    }

    SSL_free(ssl);
    detail::close_socket(cli);
    SSL_CTX_free(ctx);
  });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    server_thread.join();
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });

  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(5, 0);
  cli.set_read_timeout(3, 0); // short, so a hang surfaces quickly

  // Body larger than CPPHTTPLIB_EXPECT_100_THRESHOLD (1024) -> auto Expect.
  std::string body(4096, 'A');
  auto res = cli.Put("/api/test", body, "application/json");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "request failed: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(body.size(), server_body_bytes.load());
}
#endif

template <typename S, typename C>
inline void max_timeout_test(S &svr, C &cli, time_t timeout, time_t threshold) {
  svr.Get("/stream", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    auto data = new std::string("01234567890123456789");

    res.set_content_provider(
        data->size(), "text/plain",
        [&, data](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
          const size_t DATA_CHUNK_SIZE = 4;
          const auto &d = *data;
          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
          sink.write(&d[offset], std::min(length, DATA_CHUNK_SIZE));
          return true;
        },
        [data](bool success) {
          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
          delete data;
        });
  });

  svr.Get("/stream_without_length", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    auto i = new size_t(0);

    res.set_content_provider(
        "text/plain",
        [i](size_t, DataSink &sink) {
          if (*i < 5) {
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
            sink.write("abcd", 4);
            (*i)++;
          } else {
            sink.done();
          }
          return true;
        },
        [i](bool success) {
          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
          delete i;
        });
  });

  svr.Get("/chunked", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    auto i = new size_t(0);

    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/plain",
        [i](size_t, DataSink &sink) {
          if (*i < 5) {
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
            sink.os << "abcd";
            (*i)++;
          } else {
            sink.done();
          }
          return true;
        },
        [i](bool success) {
          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
          delete i;
        });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  cli.set_max_timeout(std::chrono::milliseconds(timeout));

  {
    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    auto res = cli.Get("/stream");

    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
                       .count();

    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
  }

  {
    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    auto res = cli.Get("/stream_without_length");

    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
                       .count();

    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
  }

  {
    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

    auto res = cli.Get("/chunked", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
      EXPECT_EQ("abcd", string(data, data_length));
      return true;
    });

    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
                       .count();

    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
  }
}

TEST(MaxTimeoutTest, ContentStream) {
  time_t timeout = 2000;
  time_t threshold = 200;

  Server svr;
  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
  max_timeout_test(svr, cli, timeout, threshold);
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(MaxTimeoutTest, ContentStreamSSL) {
  time_t timeout = 2000;
  time_t threshold = 1200; // SSL_shutdown is slow on some operating systems.

  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  SSLClient cli("localhost", PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  max_timeout_test(svr, cli, timeout, threshold);
}
#endif

class EventDispatcher {
public:
  EventDispatcher() {}

  bool wait_event(DataSink *sink) {
    unique_lock<mutex> lk(m_);
    int id = id_;

    // Wait with timeout to prevent hanging if client disconnects
    if (!cv_.wait_for(lk, std::chrono::seconds(5),
                      [&] { return cid_ == id; })) {
      return false; // Timeout occurred
    }

    sink->write(message_.data(), message_.size());
    return true;
  }

  void send_event(const string &message) {
    lock_guard<mutex> lk(m_);
    cid_ = id_++;
    message_ = message;
    cv_.notify_all();
  }

private:
  mutex m_;
  condition_variable cv_;
  atomic_int id_{0};
  atomic_int cid_{-1};
  string message_;
};

TEST(ClientInThreadTest, Issue2068) {
  EventDispatcher ed;

  Server svr;
  svr.Get("/event1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/event-stream",
                                     [&](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                                       return ed.wait_event(&sink);
                                     });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  thread event_thread([&] {
    int id = 0;
    while (svr.is_running()) {
      this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(500));

      std::stringstream ss;
      ss << "data: " << id << "\n\n";
      ed.send_event(ss.str());
      id++;
    }
  });

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();

    listen_thread.join();
    event_thread.join();

    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  {
    auto client = detail::make_unique<Client>(HOST, PORT);
    client->set_read_timeout(std::chrono::minutes(10));

    std::atomic<bool> stop{false};

    std::thread t([&] {
      client->Get("/event1",
                  [&](const char *, size_t) -> bool { return !stop; });
    });

    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
    stop = true;
    client->stop();

    t.join();

    // Reset client after thread has finished
    client.reset();
  }
}

TEST(RequestSmugglingTest, DuplicateContentLengthDifferentValues) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &) { handled = true; });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_FALSE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Two Content-Length headers with different values — must be rejected
  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 10\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "hello";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request",
            response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n")));
}

TEST(RequestSmugglingTest, DuplicateContentLengthSameValues) {
  auto handled = false;

  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    handled = true;
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
    ASSERT_TRUE(handled);
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Two Content-Length headers with same value — should be accepted (RFC 9110)
  auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
             "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
             "\r\n"
             "hello";

  std::string response;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
  ASSERT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n")));
}

TEST(HeaderSmugglingTest, ChunkedTrailerHeadersMerged) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    EXPECT_EQ(2U, req.trailers.size());

    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_trailer("[invalid key...]"));

    // Denied
    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_trailer("Content-Length"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_trailer("X-Forwarded-For"));

    // Accepted
    EXPECT_TRUE(req.has_trailer("X-Hello"));
    EXPECT_EQ(req.get_trailer_value("X-Hello"), "hello");

    EXPECT_TRUE(req.has_trailer("X-World"));
    EXPECT_EQ(req.get_trailer_value("X-World"), "world");

    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  const std::string req = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                          "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                          "Trailer: X-Hello, X-World, X-AAA, X-BBB\r\n"
                          "\r\n"
                          "0\r\n"
                          "Content-Length: 10\r\n"
                          "Host: internal.local\r\n"
                          "Content-Type: malicious/content\r\n"
                          "Cookie: any\r\n"
                          "Set-Cookie: any\r\n"
                          "X-Forwarded-For: attacker.com\r\n"
                          "X-Real-Ip: 1.1.1.1\r\n"
                          "X-Hello: hello\r\n"
                          "X-World: world\r\n"
                          "\r\n";

  std::string res;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &res));
}

// A direct client that is not listed in trusted_proxies must not be able to
// spoof req.remote_addr by sending an arbitrary X-Forwarded-For header. Only
// the peer address on the actual TCP connection determines whether the
// header is honored.
TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, UntrustedDirectClientCannotSpoofXFF) {
  Server svr;

  // Deliberately does NOT include the loopback address the test client
  // actually connects from, so the direct connection is not a trusted proxy.
  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"203.0.113.66"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get("/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "9.9.9.9"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  // The connecting peer is not a trusted proxy, so the spoofed header must be
  // ignored entirely and the real connection-level address retained.
  EXPECT_TRUE(observed_remote_addr == "::1" ||
              observed_remote_addr == "127.0.0.1");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, NoProxiesSetting) {
  Server svr;

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get("/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "203.0.113.66"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "203.0.113.66");
  EXPECT_TRUE(observed_remote_addr == "::1" ||
              observed_remote_addr == "127.0.0.1");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, NoForwardedHeaders) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"203.0.113.66"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get("/ip");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "");
  EXPECT_TRUE(observed_remote_addr == "::1" ||
              observed_remote_addr == "127.0.0.1");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, SingleTrustedProxy_UsesIPBeforeTrusted) {
  Server svr;

  // Include the loopback address the test client actually connects from, so
  // the direct connection itself is recognized as the trusted proxy hop.
  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"203.0.113.66", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get(
      "/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66");
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "198.51.100.23");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, MultipleTrustedProxies_UsesClientIP) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"203.0.113.66", "192.0.2.45", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get(
      "/ip",
      Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66, 192.0.2.45"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66, 192.0.2.45");
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "198.51.100.23");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, TrustedProxyNotInHeader_UsesRightmostIP) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"192.0.2.45", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get(
      "/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "198.51.100.23, 198.51.100.24"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  // No listed hop is a trusted proxy, so the rightmost entry (the one written
  // by the closest hop) is used. The leftmost entry is fully client-controlled
  // and must not be selected.
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "198.51.100.23, 198.51.100.24");
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "198.51.100.24");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, SpoofedIPBeforeTrustedProxyIsIgnored) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"10.0.0.1", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // The trusted proxy appends the address it saw (5.6.7.8). The client prepends
  // a forged address and the trusted proxy's own address; the forged value must
  // not win over the address the trusted proxy actually recorded.
  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get(
      "/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "1.2.3.4, 10.0.0.1, 5.6.7.8"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "5.6.7.8");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, LastHopTrusted_SelectsImmediateLeftIP) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"192.0.2.45", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto res = cli.Get(
      "/ip",
      Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66, 192.0.2.45"}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);

  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "198.51.100.23, 203.0.113.66, 192.0.2.45");
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "203.0.113.66");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, HandlesWhitespaceAroundIPs) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"192.0.2.45", "::1", "127.0.0.1"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  std::string observed_xff;

  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    observed_xff = req.get_header_value("X-Forwarded-For");
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  std::string raw_req =
      "GET /ip HTTP/1.1\r\n"
      "Host: localhost\r\n"
      "X-Forwarded-For:  198.51.100.23 , 203.0.113.66 , 192.0.2.45 \r\n"
      "Connection: close\r\n"
      "\r\n";

  std::string out;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, raw_req, &out));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", out.substr(0, 15));

  // Header parser trims surrounding whitespace of the header value
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_xff, "198.51.100.23 , 203.0.113.66 , 192.0.2.45");
  EXPECT_EQ(observed_remote_addr, "203.0.113.66");
}

// An X-Forwarded-For header whose value parses to zero IP segments must not
// crash the server (it used to call front() on an empty vector inside
// get_client_ip). The connection-level remote address must be retained instead.
static void run_malformed_xff_test(const std::string &xff_value) {
  Server svr;
  svr.set_trusted_proxies({"192.0.2.45"});

  std::string observed_remote_addr;
  svr.Get("/ip", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    observed_remote_addr = req.remote_addr;
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  int port = 0;
  thread t = thread([&]() {
    port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    svr.listen_after_bind();
  });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, port);
  auto res = cli.Get("/ip", Headers{{"X-Forwarded-For", xff_value}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_TRUE(observed_remote_addr == "::1" ||
              observed_remote_addr == "127.0.0.1");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, EmptyXForwardedFor_DoesNotCrash) {
  run_malformed_xff_test("");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, CommaOnlyXForwardedFor_DoesNotCrash) {
  run_malformed_xff_test(",");
}

TEST(ForwardedHeadersTest, MultipleCommasXForwardedFor_DoesNotCrash) {
  run_malformed_xff_test(", , ,");
}

#ifndef _WIN32
TEST(ServerRequestParsingTest, RequestWithoutContentLengthOrTransferEncoding) {
  Server svr;

  svr.Post("/post", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Put("/put", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Patch("/patch", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  svr.Delete("/delete", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  std::string resp;

  // POST without Content-Length
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5,
                           "POST /post HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                           "Host: localhost\r\n"
                           "Connection: close\r\n"
                           "\r\n",
                           &resp));
  EXPECT_TRUE(resp.find("HTTP/1.1 200 OK") == 0);

  // PUT without Content-Length
  resp.clear();
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5,
                           "PUT /put HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                           "Host: localhost\r\n"
                           "Connection: close\r\n"
                           "\r\n",
                           &resp));
  EXPECT_TRUE(resp.find("HTTP/1.1 200 OK") == 0);

  // PATCH without Content-Length
  resp.clear();
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5,
                           "PATCH /patch HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                           "Host: localhost\r\n"
                           "Connection: close\r\n"
                           "\r\n",
                           &resp));
  EXPECT_TRUE(resp.find("HTTP/1.1 200 OK") == 0);

  // DELETE without Content-Length
  resp.clear();
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5,
                           "DELETE /delete HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                           "Host: localhost\r\n"
                           "Connection: close\r\n"
                           "\r\n",
                           &resp));
  EXPECT_TRUE(resp.find("HTTP/1.1 200 OK") == 0);
}
#endif

//==============================================================================
// open_stream() Tests
//==============================================================================

inline std::string read_all(ClientImpl::StreamHandle &handle) {
  std::string result;
  char buf[8192];
  ssize_t n;
  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
    result.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
  }
  return result;
}

// Mock stream for unit tests
class MockStream : public Stream {
public:
  std::string data;
  size_t pos = 0;
  ssize_t error_after = -1; // -1 = no error

  explicit MockStream(const std::string &d, ssize_t err = -1)
      : data(d), error_after(err) {}
  bool is_readable() const override { return true; }
  bool wait_readable() const override { return true; }
  bool wait_writable() const override { return true; }
  ssize_t read(char *ptr, size_t size) override {
    if (error_after >= 0 && pos >= static_cast<size_t>(error_after)) return -1;
    if (pos >= data.size()) return 0;
    size_t limit =
        error_after >= 0 ? static_cast<size_t>(error_after) : data.size();
    size_t to_read = std::min(size, std::min(data.size() - pos, limit - pos));
    std::memcpy(ptr, data.data() + pos, to_read);
    pos += to_read;
    return static_cast<ssize_t>(to_read);
  }
  ssize_t write(const char *, size_t) override { return -1; }
  void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override {
    ip = "127.0.0.1";
    port = 0;
  }
  void get_local_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override {
    ip = "127.0.0.1";
    port = 0;
  }
  socket_t socket() const override { return INVALID_SOCKET; }
  time_t duration() const override { return 0; }
};

TEST(StreamHandleTest, Basic) {
  ClientImpl::StreamHandle handle;
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());
  handle.response = detail::make_unique<Response>();
  handle.error = Error::Connection;
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());
  handle.error = Error::Success;
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
}

TEST(BodyReaderTest, Basic) {
  MockStream stream("Hello, World!");
  detail::BodyReader reader;
  reader.stream = &stream;
  reader.content_length = 13;
  char buf[32];
  EXPECT_EQ(13, reader.read(buf, sizeof(buf)));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, reader.read(buf, sizeof(buf)));
  EXPECT_TRUE(reader.eof);
}

TEST(BodyReaderTest, NoStream) {
  detail::BodyReader reader;
  char buf[32];
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, reader.read(buf, sizeof(buf)));
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Connection, reader.last_error);
}

TEST(BodyReaderTest, Error) {
  MockStream stream("Hello, World!", 5);
  detail::BodyReader reader;
  reader.stream = &stream;
  reader.content_length = 13;
  char buf[32];
  EXPECT_EQ(5, reader.read(buf, sizeof(buf)));
  EXPECT_EQ(-1, reader.read(buf, sizeof(buf)));
  EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, reader.last_error);
}

// Memory buffer mode removed: StreamHandle reads only from socket streams.
// Mock-based StreamHandle tests relying on private internals are removed.

class OpenStreamTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    svr_.Get("/hello", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Get("/large", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_content(std::string(10000, 'X'), "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Get("/unknown-encoding", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello World!", "image/jpeg");
      res.set_header("Content-Encoding", "UTF-8");
    });
    svr_.Get("/chunked", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/plain",
                                       [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
                                         if (offset < 15) {
                                           sink.write("chunk", 5);
                                           return true;
                                         }
                                         sink.done();
                                         return true;
                                       });
    });
    svr_.Get("/compressible", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/plain", [](size_t offset,
                                                        DataSink &sink) {
        if (offset < 100 * 1024) {
          std::string chunk(std::min(size_t(8192), 100 * 1024 - offset), 'A');
          sink.write(chunk.data(), chunk.size());
          return true;
        }
        sink.done();
        return true;
      });
    });
    svr_.Get("/streamed-chunked-with-prohibited-trailer",
             [](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
               auto i = new int(0);
               res.set_header("Trailer", "Content-Length, X-Allowed");
               res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                   "text/plain",
                   [i](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
                     switch (*i) {
                     case 0: sink.os << "123"; break;
                     case 1: sink.os << "456"; break;
                     case 2: sink.os << "789"; break;
                     case 3: {
                       sink.done_with_trailer(
                           {{"Content-Length", "5"}, {"X-Allowed", "yes"}});
                     } break;
                     }
                     (*i)++;
                     return true;
                   },
                   [i](bool success) {
                     EXPECT_TRUE(success);
                     delete i;
                   });
             });
    // Echo headers endpoint for header-related tests
    svr_.Get("/echo-headers", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      std::string body;
      for (const auto &h : req.headers) {
        body.append(h.first);
        body.push_back(':');
        body.append(h.second);
        body.push_back('\n');
      }
      res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Post("/echo-headers", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      std::string body;
      for (const auto &h : req.headers) {
        body.append(h.first);
        body.push_back(':');
        body.append(h.second);
        body.push_back('\n');
      }
      res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
    });
    port_ = svr_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    thread_ = std::thread([this]() { svr_.listen_after_bind(); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }
  void TearDown() override {
    svr_.stop();
    if (thread_.joinable()) thread_.join();
  }
  Server svr_;
  std::thread thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Basic) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", read_all(handle));
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, UnknownContentEncodingIsPassedThrough) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/unknown-encoding");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", read_all(handle));
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, SmallBuffer) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/hello");
  std::string result;
  char buf[4];
  ssize_t n;
  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
    result.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", result);
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, DefaultHeaders) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);

  // open_stream GET should include Host, User-Agent and Accept-Encoding
  {
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/echo-headers");
    ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
    auto body = read_all(handle);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("Host:127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(port_)),
              std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("User-Agent:cpp-httplib/" CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION),
              std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("Accept-Encoding:"), std::string::npos);
  }

  // open_stream POST with body and no explicit content_type should NOT add
  // text/plain Content-Type (behavior differs from non-streaming path), but
  // should include Content-Length
  {
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("POST", "/echo-headers", {}, {}, "hello", "");
    ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
    auto body = read_all(handle);
    EXPECT_EQ(body.find("Content-Type: text/plain"), std::string::npos);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("Content-Length:5"), std::string::npos);
  }

  // open_stream POST with explicit Content-Type should preserve it
  {
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("POST", "/echo-headers", {},
                                  {{"Content-Type", "application/custom"}},
                                  "{}", "application/custom");
    ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
    auto body = read_all(handle);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("Content-Type:application/custom"), std::string::npos);
  }

  // User-specified User-Agent must not be overwritten for stream API
  {
    auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/echo-headers", {},
                                  {{"User-Agent", "MyAgent/1.2"}});
    ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
    auto body = read_all(handle);
    EXPECT_NE(body.find("User-Agent:MyAgent/1.2"), std::string::npos);
  }
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Large) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/large");
  EXPECT_EQ(10000u, read_all(handle).size());
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, ConnectionError) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", 9999);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/hello");
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Chunked) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/chunked");
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.response && handle.response->get_header_value(
                                     "Transfer-Encoding") == "chunked");
  EXPECT_EQ("chunkchunkchunk", read_all(handle));
}

TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, ProhibitedTrailersAreIgnored_Stream) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle =
      cli.open_stream("GET", "/streamed-chunked-with-prohibited-trailer");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());

  // Consume body to allow trailers to be received/parsed
  auto body = read_all(handle);

  // Explicitly parse trailers (ensure trailers are available for assertion)
  handle.parse_trailers_if_needed();
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("123456789"), body);

  // The response should include a Trailer header declaring both names
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.response);
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.response->has_header("Trailer"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("Content-Length, X-Allowed"),
            handle.response->get_header_value("Trailer"));

  // Prohibited trailer must not be present
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.response->has_trailer("Content-Length"));
  // Allowed trailer should be present
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.response->has_trailer("X-Allowed"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("yes"),
            handle.response->get_trailer_value("X-Allowed"));

  // Verify trailers are NOT present as regular headers
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""),
            handle.response->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(""), handle.response->get_header_value("X-Allowed"));
}

static std::thread serve_single_response(std::promise<int> &port_promise,
                                         const std::string &response) {
  return std::thread([&port_promise, response] {
    auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    default_socket_options(srv);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    detail::set_socket_opt_time(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, 5, 0);

    sockaddr_in addr{};
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(0); // Let OS assign a free port
    ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);

    int opt = 1;
    ::setsockopt(srv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
#ifdef _WIN32
                 reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&opt),
#else
                 &opt,
#endif
                 sizeof(opt));

    if (::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)) != 0 ||
        ::listen(srv, 1) != 0) {
      port_promise.set_value(-1);
      detail::close_socket(srv);
      return;
    }

    socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr);
    ::getsockname(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), &addr_len);
    port_promise.set_value(static_cast<int>(ntohs(addr.sin_port)));

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);

    if (cli != INVALID_SOCKET) {
      // Read the complete HTTP request (until the blank line that terminates
      // headers) before sending the response.  If the server closes the socket
      // while the client's request data is still unread in the kernel receive
      // buffer, the TCP stack sends RST instead of FIN.  That RST resets the
      // connection on both sides: it discards the client's receive buffer
      // (which already holds our response) and causes any in-progress write on
      // the client to fail with ECONNRESET.  Reading all request data first
      // ensures close() emits a graceful FIN.
      {
        char rbuf[256];
        std::string req;
        while (req.find("\r\n\r\n") == std::string::npos) {
          auto n = ::recv(cli, rbuf, sizeof(rbuf), 0);
          if (n <= 0) { break; }
          req.append(rbuf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
        }
      }

      ::send(cli,
#ifdef _WIN32
             static_cast<const char *>(response.c_str()),
             static_cast<int>(response.size()),
#else
             response.c_str(), response.size(),
#endif
             0);

      detail::close_socket(cli);
    }
    detail::close_socket(srv);
  });
}

TEST(OpenStreamMalformedContentLength, InvalidArgument) {
#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  std::promise<int> port_promise;
  auto port_future = port_promise.get_future();
  auto server_thread =
      serve_single_response(port_promise, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                                          "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
                                          "Content-Length: not-a-number\r\n"
                                          "Connection: close\r\n"
                                          "\r\n"
                                          "hello");

  auto port = port_future.get();
  ASSERT_GT(port, 0);
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/");
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());

  server_thread.join();
}

TEST(OpenStreamMalformedContentLength, OutOfRange) {
#ifndef _WIN32
  signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
#endif

  std::promise<int> port_promise;
  auto port_future = port_promise.get_future();
  auto server_thread = serve_single_response(
      port_promise, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
                    "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
                    "Content-Length: 99999999999999999999999999\r\n"
                    "Connection: close\r\n"
                    "\r\n"
                    "hello");

  auto port = port_future.get();
  ASSERT_GT(port, 0);

  // Historically std::stoull would throw std::out_of_range here and crash
  // the process, then parsing silently clamped to a bogus framing length and
  // the stream opened anyway. Now the out-of-range value is flagged invalid,
  // so the stream fails to open, matching the not-a-number case above. The
  // process still must NOT terminate.
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/");
  EXPECT_FALSE(handle.is_valid());

  server_thread.join();
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Gzip) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/compressible", {},
                                {{"Accept-Encoding", "gzip"}});
  EXPECT_EQ("gzip", handle.response->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ(100u * 1024u, read_all(handle).size());
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Brotli) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle =
      cli.open_stream("GET", "/compressible", {}, {{"Accept-Encoding", "br"}});
  EXPECT_EQ("br", handle.response->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ(100u * 1024u, read_all(handle).size());
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
TEST_F(OpenStreamTest, Zstd) {
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/compressible", {},
                                {{"Accept-Encoding", "zstd"}});
  EXPECT_EQ("zstd", handle.response->get_header_value("Content-Encoding"));
  EXPECT_EQ(100u * 1024u, read_all(handle).size());
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
class SSLOpenStreamTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  SSLOpenStreamTest() : svr_("cert.pem", "key.pem") {}
  void SetUp() override {
    svr_.Get("/hello", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello SSL World!", "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Get("/chunked", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/plain",
                                       [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
                                         if (offset < 15) {
                                           sink.write("chunk", 5);
                                           return true;
                                         }
                                         sink.done();
                                         return true;
                                       });
    });
    svr_.Post("/echo", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      res.set_content(req.body, req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
    });
    svr_.Post("/chunked-response", [](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      std::string body = req.body;
      res.set_chunked_content_provider(
          "text/plain", [body](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
            if (offset < body.size()) {
              sink.write(body.data() + offset, body.size() - offset);
            }
            sink.done();
            return true;
          });
    });
    port_ = svr_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    thread_ = std::thread([this]() { svr_.listen_after_bind(); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }
  void TearDown() override {
    svr_.stop();
    if (thread_.joinable()) thread_.join();
  }
  SSLServer svr_;
  std::thread thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

TEST_F(SSLOpenStreamTest, Basic) {
  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/hello");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello SSL World!", read_all(handle));
}

TEST_F(SSLOpenStreamTest, Chunked) {
  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/chunked");

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid()) << "Error: " << static_cast<int>(handle.error);
  EXPECT_TRUE(handle.response && handle.response->get_header_value(
                                     "Transfer-Encoding") == "chunked");

  auto body = read_all(handle);
  EXPECT_EQ("chunkchunkchunk", body);
}

TEST_F(SSLOpenStreamTest, Post) {
  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  auto handle =
      cli.open_stream("POST", "/echo", {}, {}, "Hello SSL POST", "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid()) << "Error: " << static_cast<int>(handle.error);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, handle.response->status);

  auto body = read_all(handle);
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello SSL POST", body);
}

TEST_F(SSLOpenStreamTest, PostChunked) {
  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  auto handle = cli.open_stream("POST", "/chunked-response", {}, {},
                                "Chunked SSL Data", "text/plain");

  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, handle.response->status);

  auto body = read_all(handle);
  EXPECT_EQ("Chunked SSL Data", body);
}

// RFC 7230 §3.3: a response body with neither chunked Transfer-Encoding nor
// Content-Length is terminated by the server closing the connection.  When the
// SSL peer sends a close_notify after the body, the client must treat it as a
// clean EOF and return a successful response rather than an error.
TEST(SSLTest, ResponseBodyTerminatedByConnectionClose) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.set_keep_alive_max_count(1);

  const std::string expected_body = "Hello from connection-close response!";

  svr.Get("/no-content-length", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider("text/plain",
                             [&](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) -> bool {
                               if (offset < expected_body.size()) {
                                 sink.write(expected_body.data() + offset,
                                            expected_body.size() - offset);
                               }
                               sink.done();
                               return true;
                             });
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);

  auto res = cli.Get("/no-content-length");

  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Request failed: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(expected_body, res->body);
}
#endif // CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED

//==============================================================================
// Parity Tests: ensure streaming and non-streaming APIs produce identical
// results for various scenarios.
//==============================================================================

TEST(ParityTest, GetVsOpenStream) {
  Server svr;

  const std::string path = "/parity";
  const std::string content = "Parity test content: hello world";

  svr.Get(path, [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(content, "text/plain");
  });

  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Non-stream path
  auto r1 = cli.Get(path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, r1->status);

  // Stream path
  auto h = cli.open_stream("GET", path);
  ASSERT_TRUE(h.is_valid());

  EXPECT_EQ(r1->body, read_all(h));
}

// Helper to compress data with provided compressor type T
template <typename Compressor>
static std::string compress_payload_for_parity(const std::string &in) {
  std::string out;
  Compressor compressor;
  bool ok = compressor.compress(in.data(), in.size(), /*last=*/true,
                                [&](const char *data, size_t n) {
                                  out.append(data, n);
                                  return true;
                                });
  EXPECT_TRUE(ok);
  return out;
}

// Helper function for compression parity tests
template <typename Compressor>
static void test_compression_parity(const std::string &original,
                                    const std::string &path,
                                    const std::string &encoding) {
  const std::string compressed =
      compress_payload_for_parity<Compressor>(original);

  Server svr;

  svr.Get(path, [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content(compressed, "application/octet-stream");
    res.set_header("Content-Encoding", encoding);
  });

  auto t = std::thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Non-streaming
  {
    auto res = cli.Get(path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    EXPECT_EQ(original, res->body);
  }

  // Streaming
  {
    auto h = cli.open_stream("GET", path);
    ASSERT_TRUE(h.is_valid());
    EXPECT_EQ(original, read_all(h));
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
TEST(ParityTest, Gzip) {
  test_compression_parity<detail::gzip_compressor>(
      "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", "/parity-gzip", "gzip");
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
TEST(ParityTest, Brotli) {
  test_compression_parity<detail::brotli_compressor>(
      "Hello, brotli parity test payload", "/parity-br", "br");
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZSTD_SUPPORT
TEST(ParityTest, Zstd) {
  test_compression_parity<detail::zstd_compressor>(
      "Zstandard parity test payload", "/parity-zstd", "zstd");
}
#endif

//==============================================================================
// New Stream API Tests
//==============================================================================

inline std::string read_body(httplib::stream::Result &result) {
  std::string body;
  while (result.next()) {
    body.append(result.data(), result.size());
  }
  return body;
}

TEST(ClientConnectionTest, Basic) {
  httplib::ClientConnection conn;
  EXPECT_FALSE(conn.is_open());
  conn.sock = 1;
  EXPECT_TRUE(conn.is_open());
  httplib::ClientConnection conn2(std::move(conn));
  EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_SOCKET, conn.sock);
  conn2.sock = INVALID_SOCKET;
}

// Unified test server for all stream::* tests
class StreamApiTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    svr_.Get("/hello", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello World!", "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Get("/echo-params",
             [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
               std::string r;
               for (const auto &p : req.params) {
                 if (!r.empty()) r += "&";
                 r += p.first + "=" + p.second;
               }
               res.set_content(r, "text/plain");
             });
    svr_.Post("/echo", [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content(req.body, req.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
    });
    svr_.Post("/echo-headers",
              [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
                std::string r;
                for (const auto &h : req.headers)
                  r += h.first + ": " + h.second + "\n";
                res.set_content(r, "text/plain");
              });
    svr_.Post("/echo-params",
              [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
                std::string r = "params:";
                for (const auto &p : req.params)
                  r += p.first + "=" + p.second + ";";
                res.set_content(r + " body:" + req.body, "text/plain");
              });
    svr_.Post("/large", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content(std::string(100 * 1024, 'X'), "application/octet-stream");
    });
    svr_.Put("/echo", [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content("PUT:" + req.body, "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Patch("/echo",
               [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
                 res.set_content("PATCH:" + req.body, "text/plain");
               });
    svr_.Delete(
        "/resource", [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
          res.set_content(req.body.empty() ? "Deleted" : "Deleted:" + req.body,
                          "text/plain");
        });
    svr_.Get("/head-test",
             [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
               res.set_content("body for HEAD", "text/plain");
             });
    svr_.Options("/options",
                 [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
                   res.set_header("Allow", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS");
                 });
    thread_ = std::thread([this]() { svr_.listen(HOST, PORT); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }
  void TearDown() override {
    svr_.stop();
    if (thread_.joinable()) thread_.join();
  }
  httplib::Server svr_;
  std::thread thread_;
};

// stream::Get tests
TEST_F(StreamApiTest, GetBasic) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto result = httplib::stream::Get(cli, "/hello");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ(200, result.status());
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", read_body(result));
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, GetWithParams) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  httplib::Params params{{"foo", "bar"}};
  auto result = httplib::stream::Get(cli, "/echo-params", params);
  ASSERT_TRUE(result.is_valid());
  EXPECT_TRUE(read_body(result).find("foo=bar") != std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, GetConnectionError) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, 9999);
  EXPECT_FALSE(httplib::stream::Get(cli, "/hello").is_valid());
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, Get404) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto result = httplib::stream::Get(cli, "/nonexistent");
  EXPECT_TRUE(result.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ(404, result.status());
}

// stream::Post tests
TEST_F(StreamApiTest, PostBasic) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto result = httplib::stream::Post(cli, "/echo", R"({"key":"value"})",
                                      "application/json");
  ASSERT_TRUE(result.is_valid());
  EXPECT_EQ("application/json", result.get_header_value("Content-Type"));
  EXPECT_EQ(R"({"key":"value"})", read_body(result));
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, PostWithHeaders) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  httplib::Headers headers{{"X-Custom", "value"}};
  auto result = httplib::stream::Post(cli, "/echo-headers", headers, "body",
                                      "text/plain");
  EXPECT_TRUE(read_body(result).find("X-Custom: value") != std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, PostWithParams) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  httplib::Params params{{"k", "v"}};
  auto result =
      httplib::stream::Post(cli, "/echo-params", params, "data", "text/plain");
  auto body = read_body(result);
  EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("k=v") != std::string::npos);
  EXPECT_TRUE(body.find("body:data") != std::string::npos);
}

TEST_F(StreamApiTest, PostLarge) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto result = httplib::stream::Post(cli, "/large", "", "text/plain");
  size_t total = 0;
  while (result.next()) {
    total += result.size();
  }
  EXPECT_EQ(100u * 1024u, total);
}

// stream::Put/Patch tests
TEST_F(StreamApiTest, PutAndPatch) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto put = httplib::stream::Put(cli, "/echo", "test", "text/plain");
  EXPECT_EQ("PUT:test", read_body(put));
  auto patch = httplib::stream::Patch(cli, "/echo", "test", "text/plain");
  EXPECT_EQ("PATCH:test", read_body(patch));
}

// stream::Delete tests
TEST_F(StreamApiTest, Delete) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto del1 = httplib::stream::Delete(cli, "/resource");
  EXPECT_EQ("Deleted", read_body(del1));
  auto del2 = httplib::stream::Delete(cli, "/resource", "data", "text/plain");
  EXPECT_EQ("Deleted:data", read_body(del2));
}

// stream::Head/Options tests
TEST_F(StreamApiTest, HeadAndOptions) {
  httplib::Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  auto head = httplib::stream::Head(cli, "/head-test");
  EXPECT_TRUE(head.is_valid());
  EXPECT_FALSE(head.get_header_value("Content-Length").empty());

  auto opts = httplib::stream::Options(cli, "/options");
  EXPECT_EQ("GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS", opts.get_header_value("Allow"));
}

// SSL stream::* tests
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
class SSLStreamApiTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    svr_.Get("/hello", [](const httplib::Request &, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content("Hello SSL!", "text/plain");
    });
    svr_.Post("/echo", [](const httplib::Request &req, httplib::Response &res) {
      res.set_content(req.body, "text/plain");
    });
    port_ = svr_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    thread_ = std::thread([this]() { svr_.listen_after_bind(); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }
  void TearDown() override {
    svr_.stop();
    if (thread_.joinable()) thread_.join();
  }
  httplib::SSLServer svr_{"cert.pem", "key.pem"};
  std::thread thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

TEST_F(SSLStreamApiTest, GetAndPost) {
  httplib::SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", port_);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  auto get = httplib::stream::Get(cli, "/hello");
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello SSL!", read_body(get));
  auto post = httplib::stream::Post(cli, "/echo", "test", "text/plain");
  EXPECT_EQ("test", read_body(post));
}
#endif

// Tests for Error::Timeout and Error::ConnectionClosed error types
// These errors are set in SocketStream/SSLSocketStream and propagated through
// BodyReader

TEST(ErrorHandlingTest, StreamReadTimeout) {
  // Test that read timeout during streaming is detected
  // Use a large content-length response where server delays mid-stream
  Server svr;

  svr.Get("/slow-stream", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    // Send a large response with delay in the middle
    res.set_content_provider(
        1000, // content_length
        "text/plain", [](size_t offset, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset < 100) {
            // Send first 100 bytes immediately
            std::string data(100, 'A');
            sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
            return true;
          }
          // Then delay longer than client timeout
          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
          std::string data(900, 'B');
          sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
          return true;
        });
  });

  auto port = 8091;
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", port); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", port);
  cli.set_read_timeout(1, 0); // 1 second timeout

  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/slow-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());

  char buf[256];
  ssize_t total = 0;
  ssize_t n;
  bool got_error = false;

  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
    total += n;
  }

  if (n < 0) {
    got_error = true;
    // Should be timeout or read error
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.get_read_error() == Error::Timeout ||
                handle.get_read_error() == Error::Read)
        << "Actual error: " << to_string(handle.get_read_error());
  }

  // Either we got an error, or we got less data than expected
  EXPECT_TRUE(got_error || total < 1000)
      << "Expected timeout but got all " << total << " bytes";

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(ErrorHandlingTest, StreamConnectionClosed) {
  // Test connection closed detection via BodyReader
  Server svr;
  std::atomic<bool> close_now{false};

  svr.Get("/will-close", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider(
        10000, // Large content_length that we won't fully send
        "text/plain", [&](size_t offset, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset < 100) {
            std::string data(100, 'X');
            sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
            return true;
          }
          // Wait for signal then abort
          while (!close_now) {
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
          }
          return false; // Abort - server will close connection
        });
  });

  auto port = 8092;
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", port); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", port);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/will-close");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());

  char buf[256];
  ssize_t n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf)); // First read
  EXPECT_GT(n, 0) << "First read should succeed";

  // Signal server to close
  close_now = true;

  // Keep reading until error or EOF
  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
    // Keep reading
  }

  // Should get an error since content_length wasn't satisfied
  if (n < 0) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.get_read_error() == Error::ConnectionClosed ||
                handle.get_read_error() == Error::Read)
        << "Actual error: " << to_string(handle.get_read_error());
  }

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(ErrorHandlingTest, SSLStreamReadTimeout) {
  // Test that read timeout during SSL streaming is detected
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  svr.Get("/slow-stream", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider(
        1000, "text/plain",
        [](size_t offset, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset < 100) {
            std::string data(100, 'A');
            sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
            return true;
          }
          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(3));
          std::string data(900, 'B');
          sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
          return true;
        });
  });

  auto port = 8093;
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", port); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_read_timeout(1, 0); // 1 second timeout

  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/slow-stream");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());

  char buf[256];
  ssize_t total = 0;
  ssize_t n;
  bool got_error = false;

  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
    total += n;
  }

  if (n < 0) {
    got_error = true;
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.get_read_error() == Error::Timeout ||
                handle.get_read_error() == Error::Read)
        << "Actual error: " << to_string(handle.get_read_error());
  }

  EXPECT_TRUE(got_error || total < 1000)
      << "Expected timeout but got all " << total << " bytes";

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(ErrorHandlingTest, SSLStreamConnectionClosed) {
  // Test SSL connection closed detection
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  std::atomic<bool> close_now{false};

  svr.Get("/will-close", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content_provider(
        10000, "text/plain",
        [&](size_t offset, size_t /*length*/, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset < 100) {
            std::string data(100, 'X');
            sink.write(data.c_str(), data.size());
            return true;
          }
          while (!close_now) {
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  auto port = 8094;
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", port); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli("localhost", port);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  auto handle = cli.open_stream("GET", "/will-close");
  ASSERT_TRUE(handle.is_valid());

  char buf[256];
  ssize_t n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf)); // First read
  EXPECT_GT(n, 0);

  // Signal server to close
  close_now = true;

  while ((n = handle.read(buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
    // Keep reading
  }

  if (n < 0) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(handle.get_read_error() == Error::ConnectionClosed ||
                handle.get_read_error() == Error::Read)
        << "Actual error: " << to_string(handle.get_read_error());
  }

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}
#endif

TEST(ETagTest, StaticFileETagAndIfNoneMatch) {
  using namespace httplib;

  // Create a test file
  const char *fname = "etag_testfile.txt";
  const char *content = "etag-content";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // First request: should get 200 with ETag header
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));
  std::string etag = res1->get_header_value("ETag");
  EXPECT_FALSE(etag.empty());

  // Verify ETag format: W/"hex-hex"
  ASSERT_GE(etag.length(), 5u); // Minimum: W/""
  EXPECT_EQ('W', etag[0]);
  EXPECT_EQ('/', etag[1]);
  EXPECT_EQ('"', etag[2]);
  EXPECT_EQ('"', etag.back());

  // Exact match: expect 304 Not Modified
  Headers h2 = {{"If-None-Match", etag}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile.txt", h2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res2->status);

  // Wildcard match: expect 304 Not Modified
  Headers h3 = {{"If-None-Match", "*"}};
  auto res3 = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile.txt", h3);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res3);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res3->status);

  // Non-matching ETag: expect 200
  Headers h4 = {{"If-None-Match", "W/\"deadbeef\""}};
  auto res4 = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile.txt", h4);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res4);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res4->status);

  // Multiple ETags with one matching: expect 304
  Headers h5 = {{"If-None-Match", "W/\"other\", " + etag + ", W/\"another\""}};
  auto res5 = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile.txt", h5);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res5);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res5->status);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, StaticFileETagIfNoneMatchStarNotFound) {
  using namespace httplib;

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Send If-None-Match: * to a non-existent file
  Headers h = {{"If-None-Match", "*"}};
  auto res = cli.Get("/static/etag_testfile_notfound.txt", h);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(404, res->status);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(ETagTest, IfNoneMatchBoundaryCheck) {
  using namespace httplib;

  // Create a test file
  const char *fname = "etag_boundary_testfile.txt";
  const char *content = "boundary-test";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Get the actual ETag
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));
  std::string etag = res1->get_header_value("ETag");

  // Test 1: Very long ETag value (longer than actual ETag)
  // Should NOT match and return 200 (not trigger out-of-bounds read)
  Headers h1 = {{"If-None-Match", "W/"
                                  "\"very-long-etag-value-that-is-much-longer-"
                                  "than-the-actual-etag-value\""}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt", h1);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res2->status); // Should not match

  // Test 2: Long string followed by wildcard
  // Should match on "*" and return 304 (without out-of-bounds read on the long
  // string)
  Headers h2 = {{"If-None-Match", "W/\"another-very-long-value\", *"}};
  auto res3 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt", h2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res3);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res3->status); // Should match on "*"

  // Test 3: Wildcard followed by long string
  // Should match on "*" immediately and return 304
  Headers h3 = {{"If-None-Match", "*, W/\"long-value-after-wildcard\""}};
  auto res4 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt", h3);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res4);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res4->status); // Should match on "*"

  // Test 4: Multiple long non-matching values
  // Should NOT match and return 200 (test that all comparisons are safe)
  Headers h4 = {{"If-None-Match", "W/\"first-long-non-matching-value\", "
                                  "W/\"second-long-non-matching-value\", "
                                  "W/\"third-long-non-matching-value\""}};
  auto res5 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt", h4);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res5);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res5->status); // Should not match

  // Test 5: Single character that is not "*" (edge case)
  Headers h5 = {{"If-None-Match", "X"}};
  auto res6 = cli.Get("/static/etag_boundary_testfile.txt", h5);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res6);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res6->status); // Should not match

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, LastModifiedAndIfModifiedSince) {
  using namespace httplib;

  // Create a test file
  const char *fname = "ims_testfile.txt";
  const char *content = "if-modified-since-test";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // First request: should get 200 with Last-Modified header
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/ims_testfile.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("Last-Modified"));
  std::string last_modified = res1->get_header_value("Last-Modified");
  EXPECT_FALSE(last_modified.empty());

  // If-Modified-Since with same time: expect 304
  Headers h2 = {{"If-Modified-Since", last_modified}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/ims_testfile.txt", h2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res2->status);

  // If-Modified-Since with future time: expect 304
  Headers h3 = {{"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 2099 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res3 = cli.Get("/static/ims_testfile.txt", h3);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res3);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res3->status);

  // If-Modified-Since with past time: expect 200
  Headers h4 = {{"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res4 = cli.Get("/static/ims_testfile.txt", h4);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res4);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res4->status);

  // If-None-Match takes precedence over If-Modified-Since
  // (send matching ETag with old If-Modified-Since -> should still be 304)
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));
  std::string etag = res1->get_header_value("ETag");
  Headers h5 = {{"If-None-Match", etag},
                {"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res5 = cli.Get("/static/ims_testfile.txt", h5);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res5);
  EXPECT_EQ(304, res5->status);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, VaryAcceptEncodingWithCompression) {
  using namespace httplib;

  Server svr;

  // Endpoint that returns compressible content
  svr.Get("/compressible", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    // Return a large enough body to trigger compression
    std::string body(1000, 'a');
    res.set_content(body, "text/plain");
  });

  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // Request with gzip support: should get Vary header when compressed
  cli.set_compress(true);
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/compressible");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res1->status);

  // If Content-Encoding is set, Vary should also be set
  if (res1->has_header("Content-Encoding")) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(res1->has_header("Vary"));
    EXPECT_EQ("Accept-Encoding", res1->get_header_value("Vary"));
  }

  // Request without Accept-Encoding header: should not have compression
  Headers h_no_compress;
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/compressible", h_no_compress);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res2->status);

  // Verify Vary header is present when compression is applied
  // (the exact behavior depends on server configuration)

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(ETagTest, IfRangeWithETag) {
  using namespace httplib;

  // Create a test file with known content
  const char *fname = "if_range_testfile.txt";
  const std::string content = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJ"; // 20 bytes
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // First request: get ETag
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_testfile.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));
  std::string etag = res1->get_header_value("ETag");

  // RFC 9110 Section 13.1.5: If-Range requires strong ETag comparison.
  // Since our server generates weak ETags (W/"..."), If-Range with our
  // ETag should NOT result in partial content - it should return full content.
  Headers h2 = {{"Range", "bytes=0-4"}, {"If-Range", etag}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_testfile.txt", h2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  // Weak ETag in If-Range -> full content (200), not partial (206)
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res2->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(content, res2->body);
  EXPECT_FALSE(res2->has_header("Content-Range"));

  // Range request with non-matching If-Range (ETag): should get 200 (full
  // content)
  Headers h3 = {{"Range", "bytes=0-4"}, {"If-Range", "W/\"wrong-etag\""}};
  auto res3 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_testfile.txt", h3);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res3);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res3->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(content, res3->body);
  EXPECT_FALSE(res3->has_header("Content-Range"));

  // Range request with strong ETag (hypothetical - our server doesn't generate
  // strong ETags, but if client sends a strong ETag that doesn't match, it
  // should return full content)
  Headers h4 = {{"Range", "bytes=0-4"}, {"If-Range", "\"strong-etag\""}};
  auto res4 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_testfile.txt", h4);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res4);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res4->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(content, res4->body);
  EXPECT_FALSE(res4->has_header("Content-Range"));

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, IfRangeWithDate) {
  using namespace httplib;

  // Create a test file
  const char *fname = "if_range_date_testfile.txt";
  const std::string content = "ABCDEFGHIJ0123456789"; // 20 bytes
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // First request: get Last-Modified
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_date_testfile.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("Last-Modified"));
  std::string last_modified = res1->get_header_value("Last-Modified");

  // Range request with matching If-Range (date): should get 206
  Headers h2 = {{"Range", "bytes=5-9"}, {"If-Range", last_modified}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_date_testfile.txt", h2);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(206, res2->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("FGHIJ", res2->body);

  // Range request with old If-Range date: should get 200 (full content)
  Headers h3 = {{"Range", "bytes=5-9"},
                {"If-Range", "Sun, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res3 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_date_testfile.txt", h3);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res3);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res3->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(content, res3->body);

  // Range request with future If-Range date: should get 206
  Headers h4 = {{"Range", "bytes=0-4"},
                {"If-Range", "Sun, 01 Jan 2099 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res4 = cli.Get("/static/if_range_date_testfile.txt", h4);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res4);
  EXPECT_EQ(206, res4->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("ABCDE", res4->body);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}
TEST(ETagTest, MalformedIfNoneMatchAndWhitespace) {
  using namespace httplib;

  const char *fname = "etag_malformed.txt";
  const char *content = "malformed-etag";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // baseline: should get 200 and an ETag
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/etag_malformed.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));

  // Malformed ETag value (missing quotes) should be treated as non-matching
  Headers h_bad = {{"If-None-Match", "W/noquotes"}};
  auto res_bad = cli.Get("/static/etag_malformed.txt", h_bad);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res_bad);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res_bad->status);

  // Whitespace-only header value should be considered invalid / non-matching
  std::string raw_req = "GET /static/etag_malformed.txt HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                        "Host: localhost\r\n"
                        "If-None-Match:   \r\n"
                        "Connection: close\r\n"
                        "\r\n";

  std::string out;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(5, raw_req, &out));
  EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 200 OK", out.substr(0, 15));

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, InvalidIfModifiedSinceAndIfRangeDate) {
  using namespace httplib;

  const char *fname = "ims_invalid_format.txt";
  const char *content = "ims-bad-format";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/ims_invalid_format.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("Last-Modified"));

  // If-Modified-Since with invalid format should not result in 304
  Headers h_bad_date = {{"If-Modified-Since", "not-a-valid-date"}};
  auto res_bad = cli.Get("/static/ims_invalid_format.txt", h_bad_date);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res_bad);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res_bad->status);

  // If-Range with invalid date format should be treated as mismatch -> full
  // content (200)
  Headers h_ifrange_bad = {{"Range", "bytes=0-3"},
                           {"If-Range", "invalid-date"}};
  auto res_ifrange = cli.Get("/static/ims_invalid_format.txt", h_ifrange_bad);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res_ifrange);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res_ifrange->status);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, IfRangeWithMalformedETag) {
  using namespace httplib;

  const char *fname = "ifrange_malformed.txt";
  const std::string content = "0123456789";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  // First request: get ETag
  auto res1 = cli.Get("/static/ifrange_malformed.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("ETag"));

  // If-Range with malformed ETag (no quotes) should be treated as mismatch ->
  // full content (200)
  Headers h_malformed = {{"Range", "bytes=0-4"}, {"If-Range", "W/noquotes"}};
  auto res2 = cli.Get("/static/ifrange_malformed.txt", h_malformed);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res2->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(content, res2->body);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, ExtremeLargeDateValues) {
  using namespace httplib;

  const char *fname = "ims_extreme_date.txt";
  const char *content = "ims-extreme-date";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  auto res1 = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1->has_header("Last-Modified"));

  // Extremely large year that may overflow date parsing routines.
  Headers h_large_date = {
      {"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 99999 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res_bad = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname, h_large_date);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res_bad);
  // Expect server to treat this as invalid/mismatch and return full content
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res_bad->status);

  // If-Range with extremely large date should be treated as mismatch -> full
  // content (200)
  Headers h_ifrange_large = {{"Range", "bytes=0-3"},
                             {"If-Range", "Sun, 01 Jan 99999 00:00:00 GMT"}};
  auto res_ifrange = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname, h_ifrange_large);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res_ifrange);
  EXPECT_EQ(200, res_ifrange->status);

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

TEST(ETagTest, NegativeFileModificationTime) {
  using namespace httplib;

  const char *fname = "ims_negative_mtime.txt";
  const std::string content = "negative-mtime";
  {
    std::ofstream ofs(fname);
    ofs << content;
    ASSERT_TRUE(ofs.good());
  }

  // Try to set file mtime to a negative value. This may fail on some
  // platforms/filesystems; if it fails, the test will still verify server
  // behaves safely by performing a regular conditional request.
#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__linux__)
  bool set_negative = false;
  do {
    struct timeval times[2];
    // access time: now
    times[0].tv_sec = time(nullptr);
    times[0].tv_usec = 0;
    // modification time: negative (e.g., -1)
    times[1].tv_sec = -1;
    times[1].tv_usec = 0;
    if (utimes(fname, times) == 0) { set_negative = true; }
  } while (0);
#else
  bool set_negative = false;
#endif

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/static", ".");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli(HOST, PORT);

  auto res1 = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname);
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  ASSERT_EQ(200, res1->status);
  bool has_last_modified = res1->has_header("Last-Modified");
  std::string last_modified;
  if (has_last_modified) {
    last_modified = res1->get_header_value("Last-Modified");
  }

  if (set_negative) {
    // If we successfully set a negative mtime, ensure server returns a
    // Last-Modified string (may be empty or normalized). Send If-Modified-Since
    // with an old date and ensure server handles it without crash.
    Headers h_old = {{"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"}};
    auto res2 = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname, h_old);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
    // Behavior may vary; at minimum ensure server responds (200 or 304).
    EXPECT_TRUE(res2->status == 200 || res2->status == 304);
  } else {
    // Could not set negative mtime on this platform; fall back to verifying
    // that normal invalid/malformed dates are treated safely (non-304).
    Headers h_bad_date = {
        {"If-Modified-Since", "Sun, 01 Jan 99999 00:00:00 GMT"}};
    auto res_bad = cli.Get(std::string("/static/") + fname, h_bad_date);
    ASSERT_TRUE(res_bad);
    EXPECT_EQ(200, res_bad->status);
  }

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
  std::remove(fname);
}

//==============================================================================
// SSE Parsing Tests
//==============================================================================

class SSEParsingTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  // Test helper that mimics SSE parsing behavior
  static bool parse_sse_line(const std::string &line, sse::SSEMessage &msg,
                             int &retry_ms) {
    // Blank line signals end of event
    if (line.empty() || line == "\r") { return true; }

    // Lines starting with ':' are comments (ignored)
    if (!line.empty() && line[0] == ':') { return false; }

    // Find the colon separator
    auto colon_pos = line.find(':');
    if (colon_pos == std::string::npos) {
      // Line with no colon is treated as field name with empty value
      return false;
    }

    std::string field = line.substr(0, colon_pos);
    std::string value;

    // Value starts after colon, skip optional single space
    if (colon_pos + 1 < line.size()) {
      size_t value_start = colon_pos + 1;
      if (line[value_start] == ' ') { value_start++; }
      value = line.substr(value_start);
      // Remove trailing \r if present
      if (!value.empty() && value.back() == '\r') { value.pop_back(); }
    }

    // Handle known fields
    if (field == "event") {
      msg.event = value;
    } else if (field == "data") {
      // Multiple data lines are concatenated with newlines
      if (!msg.data.empty()) { msg.data += "\n"; }
      msg.data += value;
    } else if (field == "id") {
      // Empty id is valid (clears the last event ID)
      msg.id = value;
    } else if (field == "retry") {
      // Parse retry interval in milliseconds
      {
        int v = 0;
        auto res =
            detail::from_chars(value.data(), value.data() + value.size(), v);
        if (res.ec == std::errc{}) { retry_ms = v; }
      }
    }
    // Unknown fields are ignored per SSE spec

    return false;
  }
};

// Test: Single-line data
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, SingleLineData) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: hello", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "hello");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "message");

  // Blank line ends event
  EXPECT_TRUE(parse_sse_line("", msg, retry_ms));
}

// Test: Multi-line data
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, MultiLineData) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: line1", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: line2", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: line3", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "line1\nline2\nline3");
}

// Test: Custom event types
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, CustomEventType) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("event: update", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: payload", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "update");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "payload");
}

// Test: Event ID handling
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, EventIdHandling) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("id: 12345", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: test", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.id, "12345");
}

// Test: Empty event ID (clears last event ID)
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, EmptyEventId) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  msg.id = "previous";
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("id:", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.id, "");
}

// Test: Retry field parsing
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, RetryFieldParsing) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("retry: 5000", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(retry_ms, 5000);
}

// Test: Invalid retry value
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, InvalidRetryValue) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("retry: invalid", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(retry_ms, 3000); // Unchanged
}

// Test: Comments (lines starting with :)
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, CommentsIgnored) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line(": this is a comment", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "message");
}

// Test: Colon in value
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, ColonInValue) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: hello:world:test", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "hello:world:test");
}

// Test: Line with no colon (field name only)
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, FieldNameOnly) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  // According to SSE spec, this is treated as field name with empty value
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data", msg, retry_ms));
  // Since we don't recognize "data" without colon, data should be empty
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "");
}

// Test: Trailing \r handling
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, TrailingCarriageReturn) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: hello\r", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "hello");
}

// Test: Unknown fields ignored
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, UnknownFieldsIgnored) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("unknown: value", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "message");
}

// Test: Space after colon is optional
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, SpaceAfterColonOptional) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg1, msg2;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: hello", msg1, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data:hello", msg2, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_EQ(msg1.data, "hello");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg2.data, "hello");
}

// Test: SSEMessage clear
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, MessageClear) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  msg.event = "custom";
  msg.data = "some data";
  msg.id = "123";

  msg.clear();

  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "message");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.id, "");
}

// Test: Complete event parsing
TEST_F(SSEParsingTest, CompleteEventParsing) {
  sse::SSEMessage msg;
  int retry_ms = 3000;

  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("event: notification", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("id: evt-42", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("data: {\"type\":\"alert\"}", msg, retry_ms));
  EXPECT_FALSE(parse_sse_line("retry: 1000", msg, retry_ms));

  // Blank line ends event
  EXPECT_TRUE(parse_sse_line("", msg, retry_ms));

  EXPECT_EQ(msg.event, "notification");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.id, "evt-42");
  EXPECT_EQ(msg.data, "{\"type\":\"alert\"}");
  EXPECT_EQ(retry_ms, 1000);
}

//==============================================================================
// Integration Tests with Server
//==============================================================================

class SSEIntegrationTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    stop_server_.store(false);
    events_.clear();
    server_ = httplib::detail::make_unique<Server>();
    setup_server();
    start_server();
  }

  void TearDown() override {
    stop_server_.store(true);
    event_cv_.notify_all();
    server_->stop();
    if (server_thread_.joinable()) { server_thread_.join(); }
  }

  void setup_server() {
    // Simple SSE endpoint
    server_->Get("/events", [this](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      auto last_id = req.get_header_value("Last-Event-ID");
      if (!last_id.empty()) { last_received_event_id_ = last_id; }

      res.set_chunked_content_provider(
          "text/event-stream", [this](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(event_mutex_);
            if (event_cv_.wait_for(
                    lock, std::chrono::milliseconds(200), [this] {
                      return !events_.empty() || stop_server_.load();
                    })) {
              if (stop_server_.load()) { return false; }
              if (!events_.empty()) {
                std::string event = events_.front();
                events_.erase(events_.begin());
                sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
                return true;
              }
            }
            return !stop_server_.load();
          });
    });

    // Endpoint that returns error
    server_->Get("/error-endpoint", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.status = 500;
      res.set_content("Internal Server Error", "text/plain");
    });

    // Endpoint for custom event types
    server_->Get("/custom-events", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
      res.set_chunked_content_provider(
          "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
            if (offset == 0) {
              std::string event = "event: update\ndata: updated\n\n"
                                  "event: delete\ndata: deleted\n\n";
              sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
            }
            return false; // End stream after sending
          });
    });
  }

  void start_server() {
    port_ = server_->bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    server_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { server_->listen_after_bind(); });

    // Wait for server to start
    while (!server_->is_running()) {
      std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
    }
  }

  int get_port() const { return port_; }

  void send_event(const std::string &event) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(event_mutex_);
    events_.push_back(event);
    event_cv_.notify_all();
  }

  std::unique_ptr<Server> server_;
  std::thread server_thread_;
  std::mutex event_mutex_;
  std::condition_variable event_cv_;
  std::vector<std::string> events_;
  std::atomic<bool> stop_server_{false};
  std::string last_received_event_id_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

// Test: Successful connection and on_open callback
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, SuccessfulConnection) {
  // Add a simple endpoint that sends one event and closes
  server_->Get("/simple-event", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "data: hello\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false; // Close stream after sending
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/simple-event");

  std::atomic<bool> open_called{false};
  std::atomic<bool> message_received{false};

  sse.on_open([&open_called]() { open_called.store(true); });

  sse.on_message([&message_received](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    if (msg.data == "hello") { message_received.store(true); }
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);

  // Start async
  sse.start_async();

  // Wait for message to be processed
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));

  sse.stop();

  EXPECT_TRUE(open_called.load());
  EXPECT_TRUE(message_received.load());
}

// Test: on_message callback
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, OnMessageCallback) {
  // Endpoint that sends multiple events then closes
  server_->Get("/multi-event", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string events = "data: message1\n\ndata: message2\n\n";
            sink.write(events.data(), events.size());
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/multi-event");

  std::vector<std::string> received_messages;
  std::mutex messages_mutex;

  sse.on_message([&](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(messages_mutex);
    received_messages.push_back(msg.data);
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
  sse.stop();

  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(messages_mutex);
  EXPECT_GE(received_messages.size(), 2u);
  if (received_messages.size() >= 2) {
    EXPECT_EQ(received_messages[0], "message1");
    EXPECT_EQ(received_messages[1], "message2");
  }
}

// Test: on_event for specific types
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, OnEventForSpecificTypes) {
  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/custom-events");

  std::atomic<bool> update_received{false};
  std::atomic<bool> delete_received{false};

  sse.on_event("update", [&update_received](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    if (msg.data == "updated") { update_received.store(true); }
  });

  sse.on_event("delete", [&delete_received](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    if (msg.data == "deleted") { delete_received.store(true); }
  });

  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(300));
  sse.stop();

  EXPECT_TRUE(update_received.load());
  EXPECT_TRUE(delete_received.load());
}

// Test: on_error callback on connection failure
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, OnErrorCallback) {
  // Connect to a non-existent port
  Client client("localhost", 59999);
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/events");

  std::atomic<bool> error_called{false};
  Error received_error = Error::Success;

  sse.on_error([&](Error err) {
    error_called.store(true);
    received_error = err;
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(50);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);

  sse.start_async();
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));
  sse.stop();

  EXPECT_TRUE(error_called.load());
  EXPECT_NE(received_error, Error::Success);
}

// Test: Last-Event-ID header sent on reconnect
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, LastEventIdHeader) {
  // Endpoint that sends event with ID
  server_->Get("/event-with-id", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "id: evt-123\ndata: test\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/event-with-id");

  std::atomic<bool> id_received{false};

  sse.on_message([&](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    if (!msg.id.empty()) { id_received.store(true); }
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
  sse.stop();

  EXPECT_TRUE(id_received.load());
  EXPECT_EQ(sse.last_event_id(), "evt-123");
}

// Test: Manual stop
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, ManualStop) {
  // Endpoint that sends one event and stays open briefly
  std::atomic<bool> handler_running{true};

  server_->Get("/stay-open", [&handler_running](const Request &,
                                                Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [&handler_running](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "data: connected\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          // Keep connection open while handler_running is true
          for (int i = 0; i < 10 && handler_running.load(); ++i) {
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/stay-open");

  std::atomic<bool> connected{false};
  sse.on_open([&connected]() { connected.store(true); });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  // Wait for connection to establish
  for (int i = 0; i < 20 && !connected.load(); ++i) {
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(50));
  }
  EXPECT_TRUE(connected.load());
  EXPECT_TRUE(sse.is_connected());

  // Signal handler to stop
  handler_running.store(false);

  // Stop SSE client
  sse.stop();
  EXPECT_FALSE(sse.is_connected());
}

// Test: SSEClient with custom headers
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, CustomHeaders) {
  // Setup a server endpoint that checks for custom header
  std::atomic<bool> header_received{false};

  server_->Get("/header-check", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (req.get_header_value("X-Custom-Header") == "custom-value") {
      header_received.store(true);
    }
    res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/event-stream",
                                     [](size_t, DataSink &) { return false; });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  Headers headers = {{"X-Custom-Header", "custom-value"}};
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/header-check", headers);

  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200));
  sse.stop();

  EXPECT_TRUE(header_received.load());
}

// Test: Reconnect interval configuration
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, ReconnectIntervalConfiguration) {
  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/events");

  auto &result = sse.set_reconnect_interval(500);
  // Builder pattern should return reference to self
  EXPECT_EQ(&result, &sse);
}

// Test: Max reconnect attempts
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, MaxReconnectAttempts) {
  // Connect to non-existent port to force reconnects
  Client client("localhost", 59998);
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/events");

  std::atomic<int> error_count{0};

  sse.on_error([&](Error) { error_count.fetch_add(1); });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(50);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(2);

  auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
  sse.start(); // Blocking call
  auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();

  // Should have stopped after 2 failed attempts
  EXPECT_GE(error_count.load(), 2);

  // Should not have taken too long (max 2 attempts * 50ms + overhead)
  auto duration =
      std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - start);
#ifdef _WIN32
  // Windows is much slower for socket connection failures
  EXPECT_LT(duration.count(), 7000);
#else
  EXPECT_LT(duration.count(), 1000);
#endif
}

// Test: Multi-line data in integration
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, MultiLineDataIntegration) {
  // Endpoint with multi-line data
  server_->Get("/multiline-data", [](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "data: line1\ndata: line2\ndata: line3\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/multiline-data");

  std::string received_data;
  std::mutex data_mutex;

  sse.on_message([&](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(data_mutex);
    received_data = msg.data;
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(1);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
  sse.stop();

  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(data_mutex);
  EXPECT_EQ(received_data, "line1\nline2\nline3");
}

// Test: Auto-reconnect after server disconnection
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, AutoReconnectAfterDisconnect) {
  std::atomic<int> connection_count{0};
  std::atomic<int> message_count{0};

  // Endpoint that sends one event and closes, forcing reconnect
  server_->Get("/reconnect-test",
               [&connection_count](const Request &, Response &res) {
                 connection_count.fetch_add(1);
                 res.set_chunked_content_provider(
                     "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
                       if (offset == 0) {
                         std::string event = "data: hello\n\n";
                         sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
                       }
                       return false; // Close connection after sending
                     });
               });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/reconnect-test");

  sse.on_message([&message_count](const sse::SSEMessage &) {
    message_count.fetch_add(1);
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(3);
  sse.start_async();

  // Wait long enough for multiple reconnects
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(800));
  sse.stop();

  // Should have connected multiple times (initial + reconnects)
  EXPECT_GE(connection_count.load(), 2);
  // Should have received messages from multiple connections
  EXPECT_GE(message_count.load(), 2);
}

// Test: Last-Event-ID sent on reconnect
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, LastEventIdSentOnReconnect) {
  std::atomic<int> connection_count{0};
  std::vector<std::string> received_last_event_ids;
  std::mutex id_mutex;

  // Endpoint that checks Last-Event-ID header and sends event with ID
  server_->Get("/reconnect-with-id", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    int conn = connection_count.fetch_add(1);

    // Capture the Last-Event-ID header from each connection
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(id_mutex);
      received_last_event_ids.push_back(req.get_header_value("Last-Event-ID"));
    }

    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [conn](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event =
                "id: event-" + std::to_string(conn) + "\ndata: msg\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/reconnect-with-id");

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(3);
  sse.start_async();

  // Wait for at least 2 connections
  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(500));
  sse.stop();

  // Verify behavior
  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(id_mutex);
  EXPECT_GE(received_last_event_ids.size(), 2u);

  // First connection should have no Last-Event-ID
  if (!received_last_event_ids.empty()) {
    EXPECT_EQ(received_last_event_ids[0], "");
  }

  // Second connection should have Last-Event-ID from first connection
  if (received_last_event_ids.size() >= 2) {
    EXPECT_EQ(received_last_event_ids[1], "event-0");
  }
}

// Test: set_headers updates headers used on reconnect
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, SetHeadersUpdatesOnReconnect) {
  std::vector<std::string> received_tokens;
  std::mutex token_mutex;

  // Endpoint that captures Authorization header
  server_->Get("/auth-check", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(token_mutex);
      received_tokens.push_back(req.get_header_value("Authorization"));
    }
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "data: hello\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false; // Close connection to trigger reconnect
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  Headers headers = {{"Authorization", "Bearer old-token"}};
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/auth-check", headers);

  // Update headers on each successful connection
  sse.on_open(
      [&sse]() { sse.set_headers({{"Authorization", "Bearer new-token"}}); });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(3);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(800));
  sse.stop();

  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(token_mutex);
  ASSERT_GE(received_tokens.size(), 2u);
  // First connection uses original header
  EXPECT_EQ(received_tokens[0], "Bearer old-token");
  // Second connection uses updated header from set_headers
  EXPECT_EQ(received_tokens[1], "Bearer new-token");
}

// Test: 401 allows reconnection (so on_error can refresh headers)
TEST_F(SSEIntegrationTest, ReconnectOn401WithHeaderRefresh) {
  std::atomic<int> connection_count{0};

  // Endpoint: returns 401 on first attempt, 200 on second
  server_->Get("/auth-retry", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    int conn = connection_count.fetch_add(1);
    if (conn == 0 || req.get_header_value("Authorization") != "Bearer valid") {
      res.status = StatusCode::Unauthorized_401;
      res.set_content("Unauthorized", "text/plain");
      return;
    }
    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
        "text/event-stream", [](size_t offset, DataSink &sink) {
          if (offset == 0) {
            std::string event = "data: authenticated\n\n";
            sink.write(event.data(), event.size());
          }
          return false;
        });
  });

  Client client("localhost", get_port());
  Headers headers = {{"Authorization", "Bearer expired"}};
  sse::SSEClient sse(client, "/auth-retry", headers);

  std::atomic<bool> message_received{false};

  // Refresh token on error
  sse.on_error(
      [&sse](Error) { sse.set_headers({{"Authorization", "Bearer valid"}}); });

  sse.on_message([&](const sse::SSEMessage &msg) {
    if (msg.data == "authenticated") { message_received.store(true); }
  });

  sse.set_reconnect_interval(100);
  sse.set_max_reconnect_attempts(3);
  sse.start_async();

  std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(800));
  sse.stop();

  // Should have reconnected after 401 and succeeded with new token
  EXPECT_GE(connection_count.load(), 2);
  EXPECT_TRUE(message_received.load());
}

TEST(Issue2318Test, EmptyHostString) {
  {
    httplib::Client cli_empty("", PORT);
    auto res = cli_empty.Get("/");
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(httplib::Error::Connection, res.error());
  }
  {
    httplib::Client cli("   ", PORT);
    auto res = cli.Get("/");
    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
    EXPECT_EQ(httplib::Error::Connection, res.error());
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT
TEST(ZipBombProtectionTest, DecompressedSizeExceedsLimit) {
  Server svr;

  // Set a small payload limit (1KB)
  svr.set_payload_max_length(1024);

  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("Body size: " + std::to_string(req.body.size()),
                    "text/plain");
  });

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Create data that compresses well but exceeds limit when decompressed
  // 8KB of repeated null bytes compresses to a very small size
  std::string original_data(8 * 1024, '\0');

  // Compress the data using gzip
  std::string compressed_data;
  detail::gzip_compressor compressor;
  compressor.compress(original_data.data(), original_data.size(), true,
                      [&](const char *data, size_t size) {
                        compressed_data.append(data, size);
                        return true;
                      });

  // Verify compression worked (compressed should be much smaller)
  ASSERT_LT(compressed_data.size(), original_data.size());
  ASSERT_LT(compressed_data.size(), 1024u); // Compressed fits in limit

  // Send compressed data with Content-Encoding: gzip
  Client cli(HOST, PORT);
  Headers headers = {{"Content-Encoding", "gzip"}};
  auto res =
      cli.Post("/test", headers, compressed_data, "application/octet-stream");

  // Server should reject because decompressed size (8KB) exceeds limit (1KB)
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PayloadTooLarge_413, res->status);
}
#endif

// ============================================================================
// OpenSSL-Specific Tests
// ============================================================================

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
X509 *readCertificate(const std::string &strFileName) {
  std::ifstream inStream(strFileName);
  std::string strCertPEM((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(inStream)),
                         std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());

  if (strCertPEM.empty()) return (nullptr);

  BIO *pbCert = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  BIO_write(pbCert, strCertPEM.c_str(), (int)strCertPEM.size());
  X509 *pCert = PEM_read_bio_X509(pbCert, NULL, 0, NULL);
  BIO_free(pbCert);

  return (pCert);
}

EVP_PKEY *readPrivateKey(const std::string &strFileName) {
  std::ifstream inStream(strFileName);
  std::string strPrivateKeyPEM((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(inStream)),
                               std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());

  if (strPrivateKeyPEM.empty()) return (nullptr);

  BIO *pbPrivKey = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  BIO_write(pbPrivKey, strPrivateKeyPEM.c_str(), (int)strPrivateKeyPEM.size());
  EVP_PKEY *pPrivateKey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(pbPrivKey, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  BIO_free(pbPrivKey);

  return (pPrivateKey);
}

TEST(BindServerTest, UpdateCerts) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  int port = svr.bind_to_any_port("0.0.0.0");
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(port > 0);

  X509 *cert = readCertificate(SERVER_CERT_FILE);
  X509 *ca_cert = readCertificate(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  EVP_PKEY *key = readPrivateKey(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);

  ASSERT_TRUE(cert != nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ca_cert != nullptr);
  ASSERT_TRUE(key != nullptr);

  X509_STORE *cert_store = X509_STORE_new();

  X509_STORE_add_cert(cert_store, ca_cert);

  // svr.update_certs(cert, key, cert_store); // deprecated
  svr.update_certs_pem(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                       CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);

  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.stop();

  X509_STORE_free(cert_store);
  X509_free(cert);
  X509_free(ca_cert);
  EVP_PKEY_free(key);
}

// Test that update_certs() updates client CA list correctly
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, UpdateCertsSetsClientCAList) {
  // Start with file-based constructor
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  // Initially no client CA list should be set
  auto ssl_ctx = static_cast<SSL_CTX *>(svr.tls_context());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_ctx != nullptr);

  STACK_OF(X509_NAME) *ca_list_before = SSL_CTX_get_client_CA_list(ssl_ctx);
  int count_before = ca_list_before ? sk_X509_NAME_num(ca_list_before) : 0;
  EXPECT_EQ(0, count_before);

  // Now update with client CA (PEM string)
  std::string cert_pem, key_pem, ca_pem;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, cert_pem);
  read_file(SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, key_pem);
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, ca_pem);

  svr.update_certs_pem(cert_pem.c_str(), key_pem.c_str(), ca_pem.c_str());

  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  // Now client CA list should be set
  STACK_OF(X509_NAME) *ca_list_after = SSL_CTX_get_client_CA_list(ssl_ctx);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ca_list_after != nullptr);
  EXPECT_GT(sk_X509_NAME_num(ca_list_after), 0);
}

TEST(SSLClientServerTest, FilePathConstructorSetsClientCAList) {
  // Test that the file-path SSLServer constructor properly sets the client CA
  // list that is sent to clients during the TLS handshake (CertificateRequest)
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  auto ssl_ctx = static_cast<SSL_CTX *>(svr.tls_context());
  ASSERT_TRUE(ssl_ctx != nullptr);

  STACK_OF(X509_NAME) *ca_list = SSL_CTX_get_client_CA_list(ssl_ctx);
  ASSERT_TRUE(ca_list != nullptr);
  EXPECT_GT(sk_X509_NAME_num(ca_list), 0);
}

#endif

// ============================================================================
// MbedTLS-Specific Tests
// ============================================================================

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_MBEDTLS_SUPPORT
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, CustomizeServerSSLCtxMbedTLS) {
  using namespace httplib::tls;

  // Track if callback was invoked
  bool callback_invoked = false;

  // The callback receives void* ctx which is actually MbedTlsContext*
  // We can access the mbedtls_ssl_config via the context
  auto setup_callback = [&callback_invoked](void *ctx) {
    callback_invoked = true;

    // Cast to MbedTlsContext* to access the ssl config
    auto *mbedtls_ctx = static_cast<httplib::tls::impl::MbedTlsContext *>(ctx);
    mbedtls_ssl_config *conf = &mbedtls_ctx->conf;

    // Use static variables to hold certificate data (simplified for test)
    static mbedtls_x509_crt own_cert;
    static mbedtls_pk_context own_key;
    static mbedtls_x509_crt ca_chain;
    static bool initialized = false;

    if (!initialized) {
      mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&own_cert);
      mbedtls_pk_init(&own_key);
      mbedtls_x509_crt_init(&ca_chain);

      // Load server certificate
      if (mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file(&own_cert, SERVER_CERT_FILE) != 0) {
        return false;
      }
      // Load server private key.
      // Mbed TLS 3.x takes an RNG callback here; 2.x and 4.x do not.
      if (mbedtls_pk_parse_keyfile(&own_key, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, nullptr
#if MBEDTLS_VERSION_MAJOR == 3
                                   ,
                                   mbedtls_ctr_drbg_random, nullptr
#endif
                                   ) != 0) {
        return false;
      }
      // Load CA chain for client verification
      if (mbedtls_x509_crt_parse_file(&ca_chain, CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE) != 0) {
        return false;
      }
      initialized = true;
    }

    // Configure the SSL config
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_own_cert(conf, &own_cert, &own_key);
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_ca_chain(conf, &ca_chain, nullptr);
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_authmode(conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERIFY_REQUIRED);

    // Set minimum TLS version using mbedTLS native API
#if MBEDTLS_VERSION_MAJOR >= 3
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_tls_version(conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_VERSION_TLS1_2);
#else
    mbedtls_ssl_conf_min_version(conf, MBEDTLS_SSL_MAJOR_VERSION_3,
                                 MBEDTLS_SSL_MINOR_VERSION_3);
#endif

    return true;
  };

  SSLServer svr(setup_callback);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  ASSERT_TRUE(callback_invoked);

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");

    auto cert = req.peer_cert();
    ASSERT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(cert));

    auto common_name = cert.subject_cn();
    EXPECT_EQ("Common Name", common_name);
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT, CLIENT_CERT_FILE, CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_connection_timeout(30);

  auto res = cli.Get("/test");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
}

// Regression test for a use-after-free where ~SSLClient freed the mbedTLS
// context (owning mbedtls_ssl_config) before shutting down a still-open
// keep-alive SSL session, which reads through that config in
// mbedtls_ssl_close_notify.
TEST(SSLClientServerTest, DestructWithLiveKeepAliveSessionMbedTLS) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());

  svr.Get("/test", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("test", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(HOST, PORT)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  {
    SSLClient cli(HOST, PORT);
    cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
    cli.set_keep_alive(true);

    auto res = cli.Get("/test");
    ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
    ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
    // cli is destructed here with the keep-alive SSL session still open.
  }
}
#endif

// WebSocket Tests

TEST(WebSocketTest, RSVBitsMustBeZero) {
  // RFC 6455 Section 5.2: RSV1, RSV2, RSV3 MUST be 0 unless an extension
  // defining the meaning of these bits has been negotiated.
  auto make_frame = [](uint8_t first_byte) {
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(first_byte); // FIN + RSV + opcode
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x05);       // mask=0, payload_len=5
    frame += "Hello";
    return frame;
  };

  // RSV1 set (0x40)
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    strm.write(make_frame(0x81 | 0x40).data(), 8); // FIN + RSV1 + Text
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // RSV2 set (0x20)
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    strm.write(make_frame(0x81 | 0x20).data(), 8); // FIN + RSV2 + Text
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // RSV3 set (0x10)
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    strm.write(make_frame(0x81 | 0x10).data(), 8); // FIN + RSV3 + Text
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // No RSV bits set - should succeed
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    strm.write(make_frame(0x81).data(), 8); // FIN + Text, no RSV
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                               false, 1024));
    EXPECT_EQ(ws::Opcode::Text, opcode);
    EXPECT_EQ("Hello", payload);
    EXPECT_TRUE(fin);
  }
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, ControlFrameValidation) {
  // RFC 6455 Section 5.5: control frames MUST have FIN=1 and
  // payload length <= 125.

  // Ping with FIN=0 - must be rejected
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x09); // FIN=0, opcode=Ping
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x00); // mask=0, payload_len=0
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // Close with FIN=0 - must be rejected
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x08); // FIN=0, opcode=Close
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x00); // mask=0, payload_len=0
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // Ping with payload_len=126 (extended length) - must be rejected
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x89); // FIN=1, opcode=Ping
    frame += static_cast<char>(126);  // payload_len=126 (>125)
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x00); // extended length high byte
    frame += static_cast<char>(126);  // extended length low byte
    frame += std::string(126, 'x');
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // Ping with FIN=1 and payload_len=125 - should succeed
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x89); // FIN=1, opcode=Ping
    frame += static_cast<char>(125);  // payload_len=125
    frame += std::string(125, 'x');
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                               false, 1024));
    EXPECT_EQ(ws::Opcode::Ping, opcode);
    EXPECT_EQ(125u, payload.size());
    EXPECT_TRUE(fin);
  }
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, PayloadLength64BitMSBMustBeZero) {
  // RFC 6455 Section 5.2: the most significant bit of a 64-bit payload
  // length MUST be 0.

  // MSB set - must be rejected
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x81); // FIN=1, opcode=Text
    frame += static_cast<char>(127);  // 64-bit extended length
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x80); // MSB set (invalid)
    frame += std::string(7, '\0');    // remaining 7 bytes of length
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                                false, 1024));
  }

  // MSB clear - should pass length parsing (will be rejected by max_len,
  // but that's a different check; use a small length to verify)
  {
    detail::BufferStream strm;
    std::string frame;
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x81); // FIN=1, opcode=Text
    frame += static_cast<char>(127);  // 64-bit extended length
    frame += std::string(7, '\0');    // high bytes = 0
    frame += static_cast<char>(0x03); // length = 3
    frame += "abc";
    strm.write(frame.data(), frame.size());
    ws::Opcode opcode;
    std::string payload;
    bool fin;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::read_websocket_frame(strm, opcode, payload, fin,
                                               false, 1024));
    EXPECT_EQ(ws::Opcode::Text, opcode);
    EXPECT_EQ("abc", payload);
  }
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, InvalidUTF8TextFrame) {
  // RFC 6455 Section 5.6: text frames must contain valid UTF-8.

  // Valid UTF-8
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xC3\xA9"));         // é (U+00E9)
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xE3\x81\x82"));     // あ (U+3042)
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xF0\x9F\x98\x80")); // 😀 (U+1F600)
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8(""));

  // Invalid UTF-8
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\x80"));     // Invalid start byte
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xC3\x28")); // Bad continuation
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xC0\xAF")); // Overlong encoding
  EXPECT_FALSE(
      ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xED\xA0\x80")); // Surrogate half U+D800
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws::impl::is_valid_utf8("\xF4\x90\x80\x80")); // Beyond U+10FFFF
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, ConnectAndDisconnect) {
  Server svr;
  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {}
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  EXPECT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  client.close();
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, ValidURL) {
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("ws://localhost:8080/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws1.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("ws://example.com/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws2.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws3("ws://example.com:9090/path/to/endpoint");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws3.is_valid());

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  ws::WebSocketClient wss1("wss://example.com/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(wss1.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient wss2("wss://example.com:443/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(wss2.is_valid());
#endif
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, InvalidURL) {
  // No scheme
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("localhost:8080/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws1.is_valid());

  // No path
  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("ws://localhost:8080");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws2.is_valid());

  // Empty string
  ws::WebSocketClient ws3("");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws3.is_valid());

  // Missing host
  ws::WebSocketClient ws4("ws://:8080/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws4.is_valid());

  // Port number overflow — should not crash
  ws::WebSocketClient ws5("ws://localhost:99999999999999999999/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws5.is_valid());

  // Port out of range
  ws::WebSocketClient ws6("ws://localhost:99999/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws6.is_valid());
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, UnsupportedScheme) {
#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("http://localhost:8080/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws1.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("https://localhost:8080/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws2.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws3("ftp://localhost:8080/path");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws3.is_valid());
#else
  EXPECT_THROW(ws::WebSocketClient("http://localhost:8080/path"),
               std::invalid_argument);

  EXPECT_THROW(ws::WebSocketClient("ftp://localhost:8080/path"),
               std::invalid_argument);
#endif
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, ConnectWhenInvalid) {
  ws::WebSocketClient ws("not a valid url");
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws.is_valid());
  EXPECT_FALSE(ws.connect());
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, DefaultPort) {
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("ws://example.com/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws1.is_valid());
  // ws:// defaults to port 80 (verified by successful parse)

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("wss://example.com/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws2.is_valid());
  // wss:// defaults to port 443 (verified by successful parse)
#endif
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, IPv6LiteralAddress) {
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("ws://[::1]:8080/path");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws1.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("ws://[fe80::1]:3000/ws");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws2.is_valid());
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, ComplexPath) {
  ws::WebSocketClient ws1("ws://localhost:8080/path/to/endpoint");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws1.is_valid());

  ws::WebSocketClient ws2("ws://localhost:8080/");
  EXPECT_TRUE(ws2.is_valid());
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, SpecifyServerIPAddress_AnotherHostname) {
  Server svr;
  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {}
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto another_host = "example.com";
  auto wrong_ip = "192.0.2.1";

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws");
  client.set_hostname_addr_map({{another_host, wrong_ip}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  EXPECT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  client.close();

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, SpecifyServerIPAddress_RealHostname) {
  Server svr;
  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {}
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto wrong_ip = "192.0.2.1";

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws");
  client.set_hostname_addr_map({{"localhost", wrong_ip}});
  client.set_connection_timeout(1);
  client.set_read_timeout(1);
  client.set_write_timeout(1);

  EXPECT_FALSE(client.connect());
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, SpecifyServerIPAddress_HostnameAsAddrMapValue) {
  // A mapped value that is not an IP literal must be resolved. HOST resolves
  // from the hosts file, so this test needs no external DNS. "target.invalid"
  // (RFC 6761) is only a map key and the Host header value.
  auto host = "target.invalid";

  Server svr;
  std::string received_host;
  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [&](const Request &req, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    received_host = req.get_header_value("Host");
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {}
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });

  // ASSERT_* below returns from the test body, which would leave t joinable
  // and make ~thread call std::terminate.
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    if (t.joinable()) { t.join(); }
  });

  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://" + std::string(host) + ":" +
                             std::to_string(port) + "/ws");
  client.set_hostname_addr_map({{host, HOST}});

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  EXPECT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  client.close();

  svr.stop();
  t.join();

  // The mapping only redirects the connection; the identity stays host_.
  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(host) + ":" + std::to_string(port), received_host);
}

class WebSocketIntegrationTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    server_ = httplib::detail::make_unique<Server>();
    setup_server();
    start_server();
  }

  void TearDown() override {
    server_->stop();
    if (server_thread_.joinable()) { server_thread_.join(); }
  }

  void setup_server() {
    server_->WebSocket("/ws-echo", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
      std::string msg;
      ws::ReadResult ret;
      while ((ret = ws.read(msg))) {
        if (ret == ws::Binary) {
          ws.send(msg.data(), msg.size());
        } else {
          ws.send(msg);
        }
      }
    });

    server_->WebSocket("/ws-echo-string",
                       [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
                         std::string msg;
                         while (ws.read(msg)) {
                           ws.send("echo: " + msg);
                         }
                       });

    server_->WebSocket(
        "/ws-request-info", [](const Request &req, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
          // Echo back request metadata
          ws.send("path:" + req.path);
          ws.send("header:" + req.get_header_value("X-Test-Header"));
          std::string msg;
          while (ws.read(msg)) {}
        });

    server_->WebSocket("/ws-close", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
      std::string msg;
      ws.read(msg); // wait for a message
      ws.close();
    });

    server_->WebSocket("/ws-close-status",
                       [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
                         std::string msg;
                         ws.read(msg); // wait for a message
                         ws.close(ws::CloseStatus::GoingAway, "shutting down");
                       });

    server_->WebSocket(
        "/ws-subprotocol",
        [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
          std::string msg;
          while (ws.read(msg)) {
            ws.send(msg);
          }
        },
        [](const std::vector<std::string> &protocols) -> std::string {
          for (const auto &p : protocols) {
            if (p == "graphql-ws") { return p; }
          }
          return "";
        });
  }

  void start_server() {
    port_ = server_->bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    server_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { server_->listen_after_bind(); });
    server_->wait_until_ready();
  }

  std::unique_ptr<Server> server_;
  std::thread server_thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, TextEcho) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("Hello WebSocket"));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello WebSocket", msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, BinaryEcho) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  std::string binary_data = {'\x00', '\x01', '\x02', '\xFF', '\xFE'};
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send(binary_data.data(), binary_data.size()));

  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Binary, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ(binary_data, msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, MultipleMessages) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    auto text = "message " + std::to_string(i);
    ASSERT_TRUE(client.send(text));
    std::string msg;
    ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
    EXPECT_EQ(text, msg);
  }

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, CloseHandshake) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-close");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Send a message to trigger the server to close
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("trigger close"));

  // The server will close, so read should return false
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, LargeMessage) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // 128KB message
  std::string large_data(128 * 1024, 'X');
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send(large_data));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ(large_data, msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, ConcurrentSend) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  const int num_threads = 4;
  std::vector<std::thread> threads;
  std::atomic<int> send_count{0};

  for (int t = 0; t < num_threads; t++) {
    threads.emplace_back([&client, &send_count, t]() {
      for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        auto text = "thread" + std::to_string(t) + "_msg" + std::to_string(i);
        if (client.send(text)) { send_count++; }
      }
    });
  }

  for (auto &th : threads) {
    th.join();
  }

  int received = 0;
  std::string msg;
  while (received < send_count.load()) {
    if (!client.read(msg)) { break; }
    received++;
  }
  EXPECT_EQ(send_count.load(), received);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, ReadString) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo-string");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("echo: hello", msg);

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("world"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("echo: world", msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, RequestAccess) {
  Headers headers = {{"X-Test-Header", "test-value"}};
  ws::WebSocketClient client(
      "ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) + "/ws-request-info", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("path:/ws-request-info", msg);

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("header:test-value", msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, ReadTimeout) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.set_read_timeout(1, 0); // 1 second
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Don't send anything — server echo handler waits for a message,
  // so read() should time out and return false.
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.read(msg));
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, MaxPayloadExceeded) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.set_read_timeout(5, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Send a message exceeding CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH (16MB).
  // The server should reject it and close the connection.
  std::string oversized(CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH + 1, 'A');
  client.send(oversized);

  // The server's read() should have failed due to payload limit,
  // so our read() should return false (connection closed).
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.read(msg));
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, MaxPayloadAtLimit) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.set_read_timeout(10, 0);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Send a message exactly at CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH (16MB).
  // This should succeed.
  std::string at_limit(CPPHTTPLIB_WEBSOCKET_MAX_PAYLOAD_LENGTH, 'B');
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send(at_limit));

  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ(at_limit.size(), msg.size());

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, ConnectToInvalidPath) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/nonexistent");
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.connect());
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, EmptyMessage) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send(""));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("", msg);

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, Reconnect) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");

  // First connection
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("first"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("first", msg);
  client.close();
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());

  // Reconnect using the same client object
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("second"));
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("second", msg);
  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, CloseWithStatus) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-close-status");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Trigger the server to close with GoingAway status
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("trigger"));

  // read() should return false after receiving the close frame
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, ClientCloseWithStatus) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  client.close(ws::CloseStatus::GoingAway, "client leaving");
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.is_open());
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, SubProtocolNegotiation) {
  Headers headers = {{"Sec-WebSocket-Protocol", "mqtt, graphql-ws"}};
  ws::WebSocketClient client(
      "ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) + "/ws-subprotocol", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Server should have selected graphql-ws
  EXPECT_EQ("graphql-ws", client.subprotocol());

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, SubProtocolNoMatch) {
  Headers headers = {{"Sec-WebSocket-Protocol", "mqtt, wamp"}};
  ws::WebSocketClient client(
      "ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) + "/ws-subprotocol", headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  // Server should not have selected any subprotocol
  EXPECT_TRUE(client.subprotocol().empty());

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, SubProtocolNotRequested) {
  // Connect without requesting any subprotocol
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-subprotocol");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());

  EXPECT_TRUE(client.subprotocol().empty());

  client.close();
}

TEST_F(WebSocketIntegrationTest, SocketSettings) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.set_tcp_nodelay(true);
  client.set_connection_timeout(3, 0);

  bool socket_options_called = false;
  client.set_socket_options([&](socket_t) { socket_options_called = true; });

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  EXPECT_TRUE(socket_options_called);

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  auto result = client.read(msg);
  EXPECT_EQ(result, ws::ReadResult::Text);
  EXPECT_EQ(msg, "hello");

  client.close();
}

TEST(WebSocketPreRoutingTest, RejectWithoutAuth) {
  Server svr;

  svr.set_pre_routing_handler([](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    if (!req.has_header("Authorization")) {
      res.status = StatusCode::Unauthorized_401;
      res.set_content("Unauthorized", "text/plain");
      return Server::HandlerResponse::Handled;
    }
    return Server::HandlerResponse::Unhandled;
  });

  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {
      ws.send(msg);
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Without Authorization header - should be rejected before upgrade
  ws::WebSocketClient client1("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws");
  EXPECT_FALSE(client1.connect());

  // With Authorization header - should succeed
  Headers headers = {{"Authorization", "Bearer token123"}};
  ws::WebSocketClient client2("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws",
                              headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client2.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client2.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client2.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("hello", msg);
  client2.close();

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, QueryStringInHandshake) {
  Server svr;

  std::mutex mtx;
  std::string received_target;
  std::string received_token;

  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [&](const Request &req, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
      received_target = req.target;
      if (req.has_param("token")) {
        received_token = req.get_param_value("token");
      }
    }
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {
      ws.send(msg);
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) +
                             "/ws?token=ABC&session=123");
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  // Round-trip ensures the handler has run and captured the request.
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("hello", msg);
  client.close();

  {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    EXPECT_EQ("/ws?token=ABC&session=123", received_target);
    EXPECT_EQ("ABC", received_token);
  }

  svr.stop();
  t.join();
}

// Run a handshake against a throwaway server and hand the request the server
// received back to the caller, so tests can assert on the headers the client
// actually put on the wire.
static void capture_websocket_handshake_request(
    const Headers &client_headers,
    std::function<void(const Request &, int port)> verify) {
  Server svr;

  std::mutex mtx;
  Request received;

  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [&](const Request &req, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
      received = req;
    }
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {
      ws.send(msg);
    }
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  std::thread t([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://localhost:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws",
                             client_headers);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  client.close();

  {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    verify(received, port);
  }
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, DefaultHeadersInHandshake) {
  capture_websocket_handshake_request({}, [](const Request &req, int port) {
    // Non-default port must be present in the Host header. Default ports
    // (80/443) are omitted; that logic is covered by
    // MakeHostAndPortStringTest.
    EXPECT_EQ("localhost:" + std::to_string(port),
              req.get_header_value("Host"));
    EXPECT_EQ(std::string("cpp-httplib/") + CPPHTTPLIB_VERSION,
              req.get_header_value("User-Agent"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_header("Accept"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_header("Accept-Encoding"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(req.has_header("Content-Length"));
  });
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, UserHeadersOverrideGeneratedOnesInHandshake) {
  capture_websocket_handshake_request(
      {{"Host", "example.com"},
       {"User-Agent", "custom-agent"},
       {"X-Custom", "value"}},
      [](const Request &req, int) {
        EXPECT_EQ("example.com", req.get_header_value("Host"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("Host"));
        EXPECT_EQ("custom-agent", req.get_header_value("User-Agent"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("User-Agent"));
        EXPECT_EQ("value", req.get_header_value("X-Custom"));
      });
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, MandatoryHeadersInHandshakeAreEnforced) {
  capture_websocket_handshake_request(
      {{"Upgrade", "bogus"},
       {"Connection", "close"},
       {"Sec-WebSocket-Key", "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=="},
       {"Sec-WebSocket-Version", "8"}},
      [](const Request &req, int) {
        EXPECT_EQ("websocket", req.get_header_value("Upgrade"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("Upgrade"));
        EXPECT_EQ("Upgrade", req.get_header_value("Connection"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("Connection"));
        EXPECT_EQ("13", req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Version"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("Sec-WebSocket-Version"));
        EXPECT_EQ(1U, req.get_header_value_count("Sec-WebSocket-Key"));
        EXPECT_NE("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==",
                  req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Key"));
      });
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, InvalidHeaderInHandshakeWritesNothing) {
  // A header the client refuses to send must abort the handshake before any
  // part of it reaches the wire; a lone request line would otherwise sit in
  // the peer's buffer as a truncated request.
  auto srv = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  ASSERT_NE(INVALID_SOCKET, srv);
  auto se_srv = detail::scope_exit([&] { detail::close_socket(srv); });

  sockaddr_in addr{};
  addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
  addr.sin_port = 0; // ephemeral, so parallel shards don't collide
  ::inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &addr.sin_addr);
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::bind(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&addr), sizeof(addr)));
  ASSERT_EQ(0, ::listen(srv, 1));

  sockaddr_in bound{};
  socklen_t bound_len = sizeof(bound);
  ASSERT_EQ(
      0, ::getsockname(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&bound), &bound_len));
  auto port = ntohs(bound.sin_port);

  ssize_t received = -1;
  std::thread t([&] {
    // Bound every blocking call so a regression fails the test with a bad
    // value instead of hanging the suite.
    fd_set rfds;
    FD_ZERO(&rfds);
    FD_SET(srv, &rfds);
    timeval tv{5, 0};
    if (::select(static_cast<int>(srv + 1), &rfds, nullptr, nullptr, &tv) <=
        0) {
      return;
    }

    sockaddr_in cli_addr{};
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(cli_addr);
    auto cli = ::accept(srv, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&cli_addr), &cli_len);
    if (cli == INVALID_SOCKET) { return; }
    auto se_cli = detail::scope_exit([&] { detail::close_socket(cli); });

    detail::set_socket_opt_time(cli, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, 5, 0);
    char buf[4096];
    received = ::recv(cli, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
  });
  // The CR/LF makes the value invalid, so check_and_write_headers rejects it.
  // connect() has already shut the socket down by the time it returns false,
  // so the peer sees EOF without waiting for the client to be destroyed.
  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(port) + "/ws",
                             {{"X-Bad", "a\r\nInjected: 1"}});
  EXPECT_FALSE(client.connect());

  t.join();

  // 0 means the peer saw a clean EOF without a single byte of the handshake.
  EXPECT_EQ(0, received);
}

TEST(WebSocketTest, HostHeaderOverUnixSocket) {
  // The socket path doubles as the URL host, so it must not contain '/'.
  const char *shard = getenv("GTEST_SHARD_INDEX");
  const std::string sock_path =
      shard ? std::string("httplib-ws-") + shard + ".sock"
            : std::string("httplib-ws.sock");
  std::remove(sock_path.c_str());

  Server svr;

  std::mutex mtx;
  std::string received_host;

  svr.WebSocket("/ws", [&](const Request &req, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
      received_host = req.get_header_value("Host");
    }
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {
      ws.send(msg);
    }
  });
  svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX);

  std::thread t([&]() { ASSERT_TRUE(svr.listen(sock_path, 80)); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    std::remove(sock_path.c_str());
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("ws://" + sock_path + "/ws");
  client.set_address_family(AF_UNIX);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.read(msg));
  client.close();

  {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    // There is no host:port for a Unix socket, so the same "localhost"
    // placeholder the HTTP client uses is expected.
    EXPECT_EQ("localhost", received_host);
  }
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
class WebSocketSSLIntegrationTest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    server_ = httplib::detail::make_unique<SSLServer>(SERVER_CERT_FILE,
                                                      SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
    server_->WebSocket("/ws-echo", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
      std::string msg;
      ws::ReadResult ret;
      while ((ret = ws.read(msg))) {
        if (ret == ws::Binary) {
          ws.send(msg.data(), msg.size());
        } else {
          ws.send(msg);
        }
      }
    });
    port_ = server_->bind_to_any_port(HOST);
    server_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { server_->listen_after_bind(); });
    server_->wait_until_ready();
  }

  void TearDown() override {
    server_->stop();
    if (server_thread_.joinable()) { server_thread_.join(); }
  }

  std::unique_ptr<SSLServer> server_;
  std::thread server_thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

TEST_F(WebSocketSSLIntegrationTest, TextEcho) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("wss://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("Hello WSS"));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("Hello WSS", msg);

  client.close();
}

// Regression test (GHSA-w7p7-f35j-mw7q): shutdown_and_close() used to free the
// TLS session before ws_->close() sent the close frame. Because the WebSocket's
// SSLSocketStream keeps a raw pointer to that session, sending the close frame
// then read/wrote a freed SSL object (use-after-free). Destroying an open wss
// client (without calling close() first) is the only path that runs
// shutdown_and_close() while the WebSocket is still open, so it reproduces the
// bug exactly.
//
// NOTE: the offending read/write happens inside OpenSSL, so ASan only flags it
// when linked against an instrumented libssl; run under Valgrind to catch it
// with a stock OpenSSL. The short timeouts keep a regression from wedging the
// suite (the freed session otherwise stalls on the close handshake) — this test
// is a memory-tool tripwire, not a pass/fail assertion on stock builds.
TEST_F(WebSocketSSLIntegrationTest, DestroyWhileOpenSendsCloseOverLiveSession) {
  {
    ws::WebSocketClient client("wss://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                               "/ws-echo");
    client.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
    client.set_read_timeout(2, 0);
    client.set_write_timeout(2, 0);
    ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
    ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());
    ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("still open"));
    // Intentionally do NOT call client.close(): leaving scope runs
    // shutdown_and_close() with the WebSocket still open, which must send the
    // close frame while the TLS session is still alive.
  }
}

// Regression test (GHSA-w7p7-f35j-mw7q): reconnecting an open wss client runs
// shutdown_and_close() at the start of connect(), reproducing the same
// use-after-free within the test body rather than at scope exit. The second
// connect must succeed and echo, proving the close handshake ran over a live
// session. See the note above about memory-tool requirements.
TEST_F(WebSocketSSLIntegrationTest,
       ReconnectWhileOpenSendsCloseOverLiveSession) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client("wss://localhost:" + std::to_string(port_) +
                             "/ws-echo");
  client.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  client.set_read_timeout(2, 0);
  client.set_write_timeout(2, 0);

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("still open"));

  // Reconnect without closing first: connect() calls shutdown_and_close() on
  // the still-open connection, which must not touch a freed TLS session.
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.is_open());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("after reconnect"));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("after reconnect", msg);

  client.close();
}
#endif

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
class WebSocketSSLCATest : public ::testing::Test {
protected:
  void SetUp() override {
    server_ = httplib::detail::make_unique<SSLServer>(SERVER_CERT2_FILE,
                                                      SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
    server_->WebSocket("/echo", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
      std::string msg;
      while (ws.read(msg)) {
        ws.send(msg);
      }
    });
    port_ = server_->bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    server_thread_ = std::thread([this]() { server_->listen_after_bind(); });
    server_->wait_until_ready();
  }

  void TearDown() override {
    server_->stop();
    if (server_thread_.joinable()) { server_thread_.join(); }
  }

  std::string url() const {
    return "wss://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(port_) + "/echo";
  }

  std::unique_ptr<SSLServer> server_;
  std::thread server_thread_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

// A custom CA loaded as PEM verifies the server with full certificate
// verification enabled
TEST_F(WebSocketSSLCATest, LoadCaCertStoreVerifiesServer) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client(url());
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  client.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("hello"));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("hello", msg);
  client.close();
}

// A custom CA that does not cover the server must fail verification (the
// custom CA is exclusive; system certs are not loaded alongside it)
TEST_F(WebSocketSSLCATest, WrongCustomCaFailsVerification) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client(url());
  std::string cert;
  read_file(CLIENT_CA_CERT_FILE, cert);
  client.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());

  ASSERT_FALSE(client.connect());
}

// Regression test: reconnecting with a native custom CA store used to reuse
// a store handle the previous TLS context had already freed (use-after-free
// under the OpenSSL backend). The context now lives as long as the client.
TEST_F(WebSocketSSLCATest, ReconnectWithCustomCaStore) {
  ws::WebSocketClient client(url());
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT2_FILE, cert);
  client.set_ca_cert_store(tls::create_ca_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size()));

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  client.close();

  ASSERT_TRUE(client.connect());
  ASSERT_TRUE(client.send("again"));
  std::string msg;
  EXPECT_EQ(ws::Text, client.read(msg));
  EXPECT_EQ("again", msg);
  client.close();
}

// Regression test: a certificate with a trusted chain but no identity match
// for the server IP must be rejected. The Mbed TLS backend used to skip
// verification entirely for IP hosts, so this connection succeeded there.
// SERVER_CERT_FILE has no IP SAN (CN only), so trusting it as a CA satisfies
// chain verification while the identity check must still fail.
TEST(WebSocketSSLVerifyTest, TrustedChainWrongIdentityFails) {
  SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
  ASSERT_TRUE(svr.is_valid());
  svr.WebSocket("/echo", [](const Request &, ws::WebSocket &ws) {
    std::string msg;
    while (ws.read(msg)) {
      ws.send(msg);
    }
  });
  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
  auto t = std::thread([&]() { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  ws::WebSocketClient client("wss://127.0.0.1:" + std::to_string(port) +
                             "/echo");
  std::string cert;
  read_file(SERVER_CERT_FILE, cert);
  client.load_ca_cert_store(cert.c_str(), cert.size());

  ASSERT_FALSE(client.connect());
}
#endif

#if !defined(_WIN32)
TEST(SymlinkTest, SymlinkEscapeFromBaseDirectory) {
  auto secret_dir = std::string("./symlink_test_secret");
  auto served_dir = std::string("./symlink_test_served");
  auto secret_file = secret_dir + "/secret.txt";
  auto symlink_path = served_dir + "/escape";

  // Setup: create directories and files
  mkdir(secret_dir.c_str(), 0755);
  mkdir(served_dir.c_str(), 0755);

  {
    std::ofstream ofs(secret_file);
    ofs << "SECRET_DATA";
  }

  // Create symlink using absolute path so it resolves correctly
#ifdef PATH_MAX
  char abs_secret[PATH_MAX];
  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, realpath(secret_dir.c_str(), abs_secret));
#else
  auto abs_secret = realpath(secret_dir.c_str(), nullptr);
  auto abs_secret_guard = detail::scope_exit([&]() { std::free(abs_secret); });
  ASSERT_NE(nullptr, abs_secret);
#endif
  ASSERT_EQ(0, symlink(abs_secret, symlink_path.c_str()));

  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    unlink(symlink_path.c_str());
    unlink(secret_file.c_str());
    rmdir(served_dir.c_str());
    rmdir(secret_dir.c_str());
  });

  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/", served_dir);

  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
  auto se2 = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    listen_thread.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  Client cli("localhost", PORT);

  // Symlink pointing outside base dir should be blocked
  auto res = cli.Get("/escape/secret.txt");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Forbidden_403, res->status);
}
#endif

TEST(RequestSmugglingTest, UnconsumedGETBodyOnFileHandler) {
  // A GET request with Content-Length to a static file handler must have its
  // body drained before the keep-alive connection is reused. Otherwise the
  // unread body bytes are interpreted as the next HTTP request.
  //
  // The body is sent AFTER receiving the first response (as in the original
  // PoC) so that the stream_line_reader cannot buffer it together with the
  // headers of the first request.
  Server svr;
  svr.set_mount_point("/", "./www");

  std::atomic<int> smuggled_count(0);
  svr.Get("/smuggled", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    smuggled_count++;
    res.set_content("oops", "text/plain");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port("localhost");
  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto sock = detail::create_client_socket(
      "localhost", "", port, AF_UNSPEC, false, false, nullptr,
      /*connection_timeout_sec=*/2, 0,
      /*read_timeout_sec=*/2, 0,
      /*write_timeout_sec=*/2, 0, std::string(), error);
  ASSERT_NE(INVALID_SOCKET, sock);
  auto sock_se = detail::scope_exit([&] { detail::close_socket(sock); });

  // The "smuggled" request will be sent as the body of the outer GET
  std::string smuggled = "GET /smuggled HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                         "Host: localhost\r\n"
                         "Connection: close\r\n"
                         "\r\n";

  // Step 1: Send only the outer request headers (no body yet)
  std::string outer_headers = "GET /file HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                              "Host: localhost\r\n"
                              "Content-Length: " +
                              std::to_string(smuggled.size()) +
                              "\r\n"
                              "\r\n";

  auto sent = send(sock, outer_headers.data(), outer_headers.size(), 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<ssize_t>(outer_headers.size()), sent);

  // Step 2: Read the first response (server serves file without reading body)
  std::string first_response;
  char buf[4096];
  for (;;) {
    auto n = recv(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
    if (n <= 0) break;
    first_response.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
    // Stop once we have a complete response (headers + body)
    auto hdr_end = first_response.find("\r\n\r\n");
    if (hdr_end != std::string::npos) {
      // Check for Content-Length to know when the body is complete
      auto cl_pos = first_response.find("Content-Length:");
      if (cl_pos != std::string::npos) {
        auto cl_val_start = cl_pos + 15; // length of "Content-Length:"
        auto cl_val_end = first_response.find("\r\n", cl_val_start);
        auto cl = std::stoul(
            first_response.substr(cl_val_start, cl_val_end - cl_val_start));
        if (first_response.size() >= hdr_end + 4 + cl) { break; }
      } else {
        break; // No Content-Length, assume headers-only response
      }
    }
  }
  ASSERT_TRUE(first_response.find("HTTP/1.1 200") != std::string::npos);

  // Step 3: Now send the body, which looks like a new HTTP request.
  // On a vulnerable server the keep-alive loop reads this as a second request.
  sent = send(sock, smuggled.data(), smuggled.size(), 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<ssize_t>(smuggled.size()), sent);

  // Step 4: Try to read a second response (should NOT exist after fix)
  std::string second_response;
  for (;;) {
    auto n = recv(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
    if (n <= 0) break;
    second_response.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
  }

  // The smuggled request must NOT have been processed
  EXPECT_EQ(0, smuggled_count.load());
}

TEST(RequestSmugglingTest, ContentLengthAndTransferEncodingRejected) {
  // RFC 9112 §6.3: A request with both Content-Length and Transfer-Encoding
  // must be rejected with 400 Bad Request.
  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/test", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    res.set_content("ok", "text/plain");
  });

  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
    ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  // Exact "chunked"
  {
    auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
               "Host: localhost\r\n"
               "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
               "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
               "Connection: close\r\n"
               "\r\n"
               "hello";

    std::string response;
    ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
    EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request",
              response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n")));
  }

  // Multi-valued Transfer-Encoding (e.g., "gzip, chunked")
  {
    auto req = "POST /test HTTP/1.1\r\n"
               "Host: localhost\r\n"
               "Content-Length: 5\r\n"
               "Transfer-Encoding: gzip, chunked\r\n"
               "Connection: close\r\n"
               "\r\n"
               "hello";

    std::string response;
    ASSERT_TRUE(send_request(1, req, &response));
    EXPECT_EQ("HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request",
              response.substr(0, response.find("\r\n")));
  }
}

// Regression for issue #2450: a DELETE without Content-Length on a
// keep-alive connection must not let the post-response drain consume the
// next request's bytes.
TEST(KeepAliveTest, DeleteWithoutContentLengthDoesNotEatNextRequest) {
  Server svr;

  std::atomic<int> delete_count(0);
  svr.Delete("/items/:id", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    delete_count++;
    res.status = StatusCode::NoContent_204;
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto sock = detail::create_client_socket(
      HOST, "", port, AF_UNSPEC, false, false, nullptr,
      /*connection_timeout_sec=*/2, 0,
      /*read_timeout_sec=*/2, 0,
      /*write_timeout_sec=*/2, 0, std::string(), error);
  ASSERT_NE(INVALID_SOCKET, sock);
  auto sock_se = detail::scope_exit([&] { detail::close_socket(sock); });

  auto send_request_and_read_response = [&](const std::string &req,
                                            std::string &out) -> bool {
    auto sent = send(sock, req.data(), req.size(), 0);
    if (sent != static_cast<ssize_t>(req.size())) { return false; }
    char buf[4096];
    for (;;) {
      auto n = recv(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
      if (n <= 0) { return !out.empty(); }
      out.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
      if (out.find("\r\n\r\n") != std::string::npos) { return true; }
    }
  };

  std::string req1 = "DELETE /items/1 HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                     "Host: localhost\r\n"
                     "\r\n";
  std::string resp1;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request_and_read_response(req1, resp1));
  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, resp1.find("HTTP/1.1 204"));

  std::string req2 = "DELETE /items/2 HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                     "Host: localhost\r\n"
                     "Connection: close\r\n"
                     "\r\n";
  std::string resp2;
  ASSERT_TRUE(send_request_and_read_response(req2, resp2));
  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, resp2.find("HTTP/1.1 204"));

  EXPECT_EQ(2, delete_count.load());
}

TEST(KeepAliveTest, UnconsumedChunkedBodyIsNotDrainedWhenResponseCloses) {
  Server svr;
  svr.Post("/ingest", [&](const Request &, Response &res,
                          const ContentReader &content_reader) {
    auto consumed = content_reader([](const char *, size_t) { return false; });
    EXPECT_FALSE(consumed);
    res.status = StatusCode::Conflict_409;
    res.set_header("Connection", "close");
  });

  auto port = svr.bind_to_any_port(HOST);
  thread t = thread([&] { svr.listen_after_bind(); });
  auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
    svr.stop();
    t.join();
  });
  svr.wait_until_ready();

  auto error = Error::Success;
  auto sock = detail::create_client_socket(
      HOST, "", port, AF_UNSPEC, false, false, nullptr,
      /*connection_timeout_sec=*/2, 0,
      /*read_timeout_sec=*/1, 0,
      /*write_timeout_sec=*/2, 0, std::string(), error);
  ASSERT_NE(INVALID_SOCKET, sock);
  auto sock_se = detail::scope_exit([&] { detail::close_socket(sock); });

  std::string request = "POST /ingest HTTP/1.1\r\n"
                        "Host: localhost\r\n"
                        "Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n"
                        "\r\n"
                        "4\r\n"
                        "data\r\n";
  auto sent = send(sock, request.data(), request.size(), 0);
  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<ssize_t>(request.size()), sent);

  std::string response;
  ssize_t received = 0;
  do {
    char buf[4096];
    received = recv(sock, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
    if (received > 0) { response.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(received)); }
  } while (received > 0);

  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, response.find("HTTP/1.1 409 Conflict"));
  EXPECT_NE(std::string::npos, response.find("Connection: close"));
  EXPECT_EQ(0, received);
}

namespace no_proxy_test {

// Server bound to 127.0.0.1:<dynamic>, listen thread spawned by listen(),
// auto-stopped + joined on scope exit. Register handlers via svr() BEFORE
// calling listen().
class ScopedServer {
public:
  ScopedServer() { port_ = svr_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1"); }
  ~ScopedServer() {
    svr_.stop();
    if (th_.joinable()) { th_.join(); }
  }
  Server &svr() { return svr_; }
  int port() const { return port_; }
  void listen() {
    th_ = std::thread([this] { svr_.listen_after_bind(); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

private:
  Server svr_;
  std::thread th_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

class ProxyAndTargetServers {
public:
  ProxyAndTargetServers() {
    proxy_mock_.Get(".*", [this](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      proxy_hits_++;
      last_had_proxy_authz_ = req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization");
      res.set_content("via-proxy", "text/plain");
    });
    target_.Get(".*", [this](const Request &req, Response &res) {
      target_hits_++;
      last_had_proxy_authz_ = req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization");
      res.set_content("direct", "text/plain");
    });

    proxy_port_ = proxy_mock_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    target_port_ = target_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
    proxy_thread_ = std::thread([this] { proxy_mock_.listen_after_bind(); });
    target_thread_ = std::thread([this] { target_.listen_after_bind(); });
    proxy_mock_.wait_until_ready();
    target_.wait_until_ready();
  }

  ~ProxyAndTargetServers() {
    proxy_mock_.stop();
    target_.stop();
    if (proxy_thread_.joinable()) { proxy_thread_.join(); }
    if (target_thread_.joinable()) { target_thread_.join(); }
  }

  Server &proxy_mock() { return proxy_mock_; }
  Server &target() { return target_; }
  int proxy_port() const { return proxy_port_; }
  int target_port() const { return target_port_; }
  int proxy_hits() const { return proxy_hits_.load(); }
  int target_hits() const { return target_hits_.load(); }
  bool last_had_proxy_authz() const { return last_had_proxy_authz_.load(); }

  void reset_counters() {
    proxy_hits_ = 0;
    target_hits_ = 0;
    last_had_proxy_authz_ = false;
  }

private:
  Server proxy_mock_;
  Server target_;
  std::thread proxy_thread_;
  std::thread target_thread_;
  int proxy_port_ = 0;
  int target_port_ = 0;
  std::atomic<int> proxy_hits_{0};
  std::atomic<int> target_hits_{0};
  std::atomic<bool> last_had_proxy_authz_{false};
};

inline std::unique_ptr<Client> make_client(const std::string &host,
                                           ProxyAndTargetServers &s) {
  auto cli = detail::make_unique<Client>(host, s.target_port());
  cli->set_hostname_addr_map({{host, "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli->set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  return cli;
}

} // namespace no_proxy_test

using no_proxy_test::make_client;
using no_proxy_test::ProxyAndTargetServers;

TEST(NoProxyTest, ExactHostnameBypasses) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, SubdomainBypasses) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("foo.example.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, EvilExampleDoesNotMatchExample) {
  // Regression guard: "evilexample.com" must not be considered a subdomain
  // of "example.com". Without the dot-boundary rule, a naive endsWith
  // check would let traffic bypass the proxy and leak credentials direct
  // to the attacker host.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("evilexample.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, ExampleDotEvilDoesNotMatchExample) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com.evil.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, LeadingDotPatternMatchesBareDomain) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({".example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, CaseInsensitiveHostname) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("Example.COM", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"EXAMPLE.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, TrailingDotIsNormalized) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com.", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, TrailingDotOnEntryIsNormalized) {
  // Trailing dots must be normalized on BOTH sides — host and entry.
  // An implementation that only strips the host-side trailing dot would
  // fail to match host "example.com" against entry "example.com." because
  // a literal substring search would compare 11 chars against 12.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com."});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, WildcardBypassesEverything) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("anything.invalid.test", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"*"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4LiteralExactMatch) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv6LiteralExactMatchAcrossEquivalentForms) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"::1"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, BareIPv6LiteralMatchesIPv6Cidr) {
  // Regression guard: a bare IPv6 host literal (no surrounding brackets)
  // must still be recognized as IPv6 for CIDR matching. Implementations
  // that detect IPv6 only when the host begins with '[' would parse the
  // host as a hostname and miss the match.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("fe80::1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"fe80::1", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"fe80::/10"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, BracketedIPv6EntryAccepted) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("::1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"::1", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"[::1]"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, BracketedIPv6CidrEntryAccepted) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("fe80::1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"fe80::1", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"[fe80::]/10"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4MappedIPv6IsNotCrossMatchedAgainstIPv4Entry) {
  // Policy: keep address families separate. "::ffff:1.2.3.4" must NOT
  // satisfy a NO_PROXY entry of "1.2.3.4". This avoids subtle bypass
  // tricks via address-family conversion.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("::ffff:127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"::ffff:127.0.0.1", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4CidrMatch) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.0/8"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4CidrNonMatch) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"10.0.0.0/8"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4CidrPrefixZeroMatchesAll) {
  // Prefix 0 must not trigger the (1u << 32) shift UB. Result: every
  // IPv4 target matches.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"0.0.0.0/0"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, IPv4CidrSingleHostNoSlash) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, MalformedCidrPrefixIsDropped) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.0/33"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, TrailingSlashCidrIsRejected) {
  // Empty prefix after the slash must be rejected, not silently treated as /32.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1/"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, ProxyAuthorizationSuppressedWhenBypassed) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("internal.corp", s);
  cli->set_proxy_basic_auth("u", "p");
  cli->set_no_proxy({"internal.corp"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_FALSE(s.last_had_proxy_authz())
      << "Proxy-Authorization must not be sent direct to the target";
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, ProxyAuthorizationSentWhenNotBypassed) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("public.example", s);
  cli->set_proxy_basic_auth("u", "p");
  cli->set_no_proxy({"internal.corp"}); // does not match

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(s.last_had_proxy_authz());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, EmptyNoProxyKeepsProxyOn) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("anything.test", s);

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, PortSpecificEntryRejected) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("example.com", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"example.com:8080"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, EmptyAndWhitespaceEntriesDropped) {
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  auto cli = make_client("anything.test", s);
  cli->set_no_proxy({"", "   ", "\t"});

  auto res = cli->Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(s.proxy_hits(), 1);
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, ValidEntryWithSurroundingWhitespaceStillMatches) {
  // An entry with leading/trailing whitespace must still match — env-style
  // values are commonly pasted with stray spaces and an implementation
  // that feeds the raw token directly to inet_pton would fail to match
  // valid CIDRs because of the spaces.
  ProxyAndTargetServers s;
  Client cli("127.0.0.1", s.target_port());
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", s.proxy_port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"  127.0.0.0/8  "});

  auto res = cli.Get("/");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, s.proxy_hits());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, s.target_hits());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, RedirectToBypassedHostStripsProxyAndProxyAuth) {
  // Analog of GHSA-6hrp-7fq9-3qv2: redirect to a NO_PROXY-matched host must
  // go direct and must NOT carry Proxy-Authorization.
  std::atomic<int> proxy_hits{0};
  std::atomic<int> target_hits{0};
  std::atomic<bool> target_saw_authz{false};

  no_proxy_test::ScopedServer proxy_mock, target;

  proxy_mock.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    proxy_hits++;
    res.status = 302;
    res.set_header("Location", "http://127.0.0.1:" +
                                   std::to_string(target.port()) + "/landed");
  });
  target.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target_hits++;
    if (req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization")) { target_saw_authz = true; }
    res.set_content("direct", "text/plain");
  });
  proxy_mock.listen();
  target.listen();

  Client cli("public.example", target.port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"public.example", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", proxy_mock.port());
  cli.set_proxy_basic_auth("u", "p");
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1"});
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/redir");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_GE(proxy_hits.load(), 1);
  EXPECT_GE(target_hits.load(), 1);
  EXPECT_FALSE(target_saw_authz.load());
}

#ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED
TEST(NoProxyTest, BypassedTargetReturning407DoesNotLeakProxyDigestCredentials) {
  // Direct origin replying 407 must not trigger the digest retry; otherwise
  // proxy creds would be sent to the (possibly hostile) origin.
  std::atomic<int> target_hits{0};
  std::atomic<bool> target_saw_proxy_authz{false};

  no_proxy_test::ScopedServer target;
  target.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    target_hits++;
    if (req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization")) {
      target_saw_proxy_authz = true;
    }
    res.status = StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407;
    res.set_header("Proxy-Authenticate", "Digest realm=\"evil\", qop=\"auth\", "
                                         "nonce=\"abc\", algorithm=MD5");
  });
  target.listen();

  // The proxy address is set to the target's port: the bypass MUST kick in;
  // if it doesn't, the test still routes "via proxy" to the same server and
  // the Proxy-Authorization assertion below catches the leak.
  Client cli("evil.example", target.port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"evil.example", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", target.port());
  cli.set_proxy_digest_auth("proxy-user", "proxy-pass");
  cli.set_no_proxy({"evil.example"});

  auto res = cli.Get("/x");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, target_hits.load());
  EXPECT_FALSE(target_saw_proxy_authz.load());
}
#endif

TEST(NoProxyTest, MultiHopRedirectThroughBypassedHostKeepsProxy) {
  // A (via proxy) → B (NO_PROXY-matched, direct) → C must re-engage the proxy.
  std::atomic<int> proxy_hits{0};
  std::atomic<int> bypass_hits{0};
  std::atomic<bool> proxy_saw_c_url{false};

  no_proxy_test::ScopedServer proxy_mock, bypass_server;

  proxy_mock.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    proxy_hits++;
    if (req.path.find("/start") != std::string::npos) {
      res.status = 302;
      res.set_header("Location", "http://127.0.0.1:" +
                                     std::to_string(bypass_server.port()) +
                                     "/middle");
      return;
    }
    if (req.path.find("/end") != std::string::npos) {
      proxy_saw_c_url = true;
      res.set_content("c-via-proxy", "text/plain");
      return;
    }
    res.set_content("unexpected", "text/plain");
  });
  // public.example's "advertised" port is arbitrary (the request never lands
  // there — it goes through the proxy), but use a dynamic value to stay
  // friendly with sharded parallel runs.
  int public_port = bypass_server.port();
  bypass_server.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    bypass_hits++;
    res.status = 302;
    res.set_header("Location", "http://public.example:" +
                                   std::to_string(public_port) + "/end");
  });
  proxy_mock.listen();
  bypass_server.listen();

  Client cli("public.example", public_port);
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"public.example", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", proxy_mock.port());
  cli.set_no_proxy({"127.0.0.1"});
  cli.set_follow_location(true);

  auto res = cli.Get("/start");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ("c-via-proxy", res->body);
  EXPECT_GE(proxy_hits.load(), 2);
  EXPECT_GE(bypass_hits.load(), 1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(proxy_saw_c_url.load());
}

TEST(NoProxyTest, KeepAliveSocketInvalidatedOnSetNoProxy) {
  // Mid-session set_no_proxy must drop any keep-alive socket so the next
  // request reconnects to the correct endpoint.
  std::atomic<int> proxy_hits{0};
  std::atomic<int> target_hits{0};

  no_proxy_test::ScopedServer proxy_mock, target;

  proxy_mock.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    proxy_hits++;
    res.set_content("via-proxy", "text/plain");
  });
  target.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
    target_hits++;
    res.set_content("direct", "text/plain");
  });
  proxy_mock.listen();
  target.listen();

  Client cli("public.example", target.port());
  cli.set_hostname_addr_map({{"public.example", "127.0.0.1"}});
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", proxy_mock.port());
  cli.set_keep_alive(true);

  auto res1 = cli.Get("/a");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res1);
  EXPECT_EQ("via-proxy", res1->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, proxy_hits.load());
  EXPECT_EQ(0, target_hits.load());

  cli.set_no_proxy({"public.example"});

  auto res2 = cli.Get("/b");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res2);
  EXPECT_EQ("direct", res2->body);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, proxy_hits.load());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, target_hits.load());
}

#if defined(CPPHTTPLIB_SSL_ENABLED) && !defined(_WIN32)
namespace proxy_tunnel_test {

// SSLServer counterpart to no_proxy_test::ScopedServer.
class ScopedSSLServer {
public:
  ScopedSSLServer() : svr_(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE) {
    port_ = svr_.bind_to_any_port("127.0.0.1");
  }
  ~ScopedSSLServer() {
    svr_.stop();
    if (th_.joinable()) { th_.join(); }
  }
  SSLServer &svr() { return svr_; }
  int port() const { return port_; }
  void listen() {
    th_ = std::thread([this] { svr_.listen_after_bind(); });
    svr_.wait_until_ready();
  }

private:
  SSLServer svr_;
  std::thread th_;
  int port_ = 0;
};

// Accepts CONNECT, replies 200, byte-forwards to forward_port.
class ScopedConnectProxy {
public:
  explicit ScopedConnectProxy(int forward_port) : forward_port_(forward_port) {
    listen_fd_ = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if (listen_fd_ < 0) { return; }
    int yes = 1;
    ::setsockopt(listen_fd_, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &yes, sizeof(yes));
    sockaddr_in a{};
    a.sin_family = AF_INET;
    a.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
    a.sin_port = 0;
    if (::bind(listen_fd_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&a), sizeof(a)) != 0) {
      return;
    }
    socklen_t alen = sizeof(a);
    if (::getsockname(listen_fd_, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&a), &alen) !=
        0) {
      return;
    }
    port_ = ntohs(a.sin_port);
    if (::listen(listen_fd_, 1) != 0) { return; }
    th_ = std::thread([this] { run(); });
  }

  ~ScopedConnectProxy() {
    stop_ = true;
    if (listen_fd_ >= 0) {
      ::shutdown(listen_fd_, SHUT_RDWR);
      ::close(listen_fd_);
    }
    if (th_.joinable()) { th_.join(); }
  }

  int port() const { return port_; }
  int connect_hits() const { return connect_hits_.load(); }

private:
  void run() {
    while (!stop_.load()) {
      fd_set rfds;
      FD_ZERO(&rfds);
      FD_SET(listen_fd_, &rfds);
      timeval tv{0, 100 * 1000};
      int sel = ::select(listen_fd_ + 1, &rfds, nullptr, nullptr, &tv);
      if (sel <= 0) { continue; }

      int client_fd = ::accept(listen_fd_, nullptr, nullptr);
      if (client_fd < 0) { continue; }

      std::string req;
      char buf[2048];
      while (req.find("\r\n\r\n") == std::string::npos) {
        ssize_t n = ::recv(client_fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
        if (n <= 0) { break; }
        req.append(buf, static_cast<size_t>(n));
      }
      if (req.compare(0, 7, "CONNECT") != 0) {
        ::close(client_fd);
        continue;
      }
      connect_hits_++;

      const char *ok = "HTTP/1.1 200 Connection established\r\n\r\n";
      ::send(client_fd, ok, std::strlen(ok), 0);

      int origin_fd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
      sockaddr_in o{};
      o.sin_family = AF_INET;
      o.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
      o.sin_port = htons(static_cast<unsigned short>(forward_port_));
      if (::connect(origin_fd, reinterpret_cast<sockaddr *>(&o), sizeof(o)) !=
          0) {
        ::close(client_fd);
        ::close(origin_fd);
        continue;
      }

      auto forward = [](int from, int to) {
        char b[8192];
        for (;;) {
          ssize_t n = ::recv(from, b, sizeof(b), 0);
          if (n <= 0) { break; }
          ssize_t off = 0;
          while (off < n) {
            ssize_t s = ::send(to, b + off, static_cast<size_t>(n - off), 0);
            if (s <= 0) {
              off = n;
              break;
            }
            off += s;
          }
        }
        ::shutdown(to, SHUT_WR);
      };

      std::thread t1([&] { forward(client_fd, origin_fd); });
      std::thread t2([&] { forward(origin_fd, client_fd); });
      t1.join();
      t2.join();
      ::close(client_fd);
      ::close(origin_fd);
    }
  }

  int forward_port_ = -1;
  int listen_fd_ = -1;
  int port_ = 0;
  std::thread th_;
  std::atomic<bool> stop_{false};
  std::atomic<int> connect_hits_{0};
};

} // namespace proxy_tunnel_test

TEST(ProxyTunnelTest, OriginReturning407InsideTunnelDoesNotLeakProxyDigest) {
  // Origin inside a CONNECT tunnel replying 407 must not trigger the digest
  // retry; otherwise proxy creds would be sent to the origin.
  std::atomic<int> origin_hits{0};
  std::atomic<bool> origin_saw_proxy_authz{false};

  proxy_tunnel_test::ScopedSSLServer origin;
  origin.svr().Get(".*", [&](const Request &req, Response &res) {
    origin_hits++;
    if (req.has_header("Proxy-Authorization")) {
      origin_saw_proxy_authz = true;
    }
    res.status = StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407;
    res.set_header("Proxy-Authenticate",
                   "Digest realm=\"evil\", qop=\"auth\", nonce=\"abc\", "
                   "algorithm=MD5");
  });
  origin.listen();

  proxy_tunnel_test::ScopedConnectProxy proxy(origin.port());
  ASSERT_NE(0, proxy.port());

  // Pin to 127.0.0.1: the proxy listens on 127.0.0.1 only, while "localhost"
  // may resolve to ::1 first. A concurrent test (e.g. another gtest shard)
  // holding ::1 with the same ephemeral port number would hijack the CONNECT
  // and answer with its own status, making this test flaky.
  SSLClient cli("127.0.0.1", origin.port());
  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
  cli.set_proxy("127.0.0.1", proxy.port());
  cli.set_proxy_digest_auth("proxy-user", "proxy-pass");

  auto res = cli.Get("/x");
  ASSERT_TRUE(res) << "Error: " << to_string(res.error());
  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::ProxyAuthenticationRequired_407, res->status);
  EXPECT_EQ(1, origin_hits.load());
  EXPECT_FALSE(origin_saw_proxy_authz.load());
  EXPECT_EQ(1, proxy.connect_hits());
}
#endif